{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T06:33:06Z","timestamp":1793773986974,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,28]],"date-time":"2007-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1182988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Macrophages are the major source of inflammation mediators that are important in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to analyze macrophages obtained from the joints of RA patients in order to characterize the expression of Toll\u2010like receptor 2 (TLR\u20102) and TLR\u20104 and the responses to TLR ligation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cells were isolated from the synovial fluid (SF) of RA patients or patients with other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Cell surface TLR\u20102 and TLR\u20104 expression and intracellular tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) and interleukin\u20108 (IL\u20108) expression by CD14+ macrophages were determined by flow cytometry. Peptidoglycan (PG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as ligands for TLR\u20102 and TLR\u20104, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expression of TLR\u20102 and TLR\u20104 was increased on CD14+ macrophages from the joints of RA patients compared with that on control in vitro\u2013differentiated macrophages or control peripheral blood monocytes. Neither TLR\u20102 expression nor TLR\u20104 expression differed between RA and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. However, PG\u2010 and LPS\u2010induced TNF\u03b1 expression and IL\u20108 expression were greater with RA SF macrophages than with those obtained from the joints of patients with other forms of inflammatory arthritis or with control macrophages. PG\u2010induced TNF\u03b1 expression and IL\u20108 expression were highly correlated with TLR\u20102 expression in normal macrophages, but not with that in macrophages obtained from joints of RA patients or patients with other forms of inflammatory arthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>TLR\u20102 and TLR\u20104 ligation resulted in increased activation of RA synovial macrophages compared with those from patients with other forms of inflammatory arthritis or compared with control macrophages. Factors other than the level of TLR\u20102 and TLR\u20104 expression contributed to the increased activation of RA SF macrophages. These observations support the notion of a potential role for activation through TLR\u20102 and TLR\u20104 in the inflammation and joint destruction of RA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,28]],"date-time":"2007-06-28T17:34:02Z","timestamp":1183052042000},"page":"2192-2201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["Increased macrophage activation mediated through toll\u2010like receptors in rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"QiQuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adedamola","family":"Adebayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard 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