{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:02:58Z","timestamp":1791288178501,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,29]],"date-time":"2007-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the expression of galectin 9 (Gal\u20109) in synovial tissue (ST) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and osteoarthritis (OA) patients and to evaluate the effects of Gal\u20109 on fibroblast\u2010like synoviocytes (FLS) in these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expression of Gal\u20109 in ST and FLS was compared using immunohistochemical techniques. Apoptotic cells in RA and OA ST samples were detected by TUNEL assay. Apoptosis of FLS was analyzed by the sub\u2010G<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> method in vitro. The in vivo suppressive effects of Gal\u20109 on collagen\u2010induced arthritis (CIA) in a mouse model were also elucidated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The percentage of Gal\u20109\u2013positive cells in ST samples and the amount of Gal\u20109 in synovial fluid samples were significantly higher in patients with RA than in patients with OA, suggesting the involvement of Gal\u20109 in the development of RA. Compared with the 2 wild\u2010type Gal\u20109 forms, stable Gal\u20109, a mutant protein resistant to proteolysis, significantly induced apoptosis of FLS from RA patients. In contrast, other galectins, such as Gal\u20101, Gal\u20103, and Gal\u20108, did not induce apoptosis or suppress the proliferation of human RA FLS. Stable Gal\u20109 preferentially induced apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation of RA FLS in vitro. It also induced apoptosis of cells in RA ST implanted into SCID mice in vivo. In a mouse model of CIA, apoptotic cells were detected in the joints of stable Gal\u20109\u2013treated mice, but not phosphate buffered saline\u2013treated mice, and suppressed CIA characterized by pannus formation with inflammatory cell infiltration and bone\/cartilage destruction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gal\u20109\u2013induced apoptosis of hyperproliferative RA FLS may play a critical role in the suppression of RA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,29]],"date-time":"2007-11-29T16:52:22Z","timestamp":1196355142000},"page":"3968-3976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Beneficial effect of galectin 9 on rheumatoid arthritis by induction of apoptosis of synovial 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