{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:20:26Z","timestamp":1791148826409,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,30]],"date-time":"2009-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess whether the risk of incident systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with the use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs), because studies of the link between exogenous hormonal exposure and the risk of SLE have produced conflicting results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a population\u2010based nested case\u2013control study among women ages 18\u201345 years, using the UK's General Practice Research Database. All incident cases of SLE from 1994\u20132004 (n = 786) were identified in the database and matched with up to 10 controls (n = 7,817) among women without SLE at the time of the case's diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The adjusted rate ratio (RR) of incident SLE associated with any use of COC was 1.19 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.98\u20131.45), whereas with current use it was 1.54 (95% CI 1.15\u20132.07). The rate was particularly increased in current users who had only recently started COC use (RR 2.52, 95% CI 1.14\u20135.57) compared with longer\u2010term current users (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06\u20131.99). The risk appeared to be particularly elevated with current exposure to first\u2010 or second\u2010generation contraceptives (RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.20\u20132.26), and increasing with the dose of ethinyl estradiol (RR 1.42, 1.63, and 2.92 for \u226430 \u03bcg, 31\u201349 \u03bcg, and 50 \u03bcg, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of COCs is associated with an increased risk of SLE. This risk is particularly elevated in women who recently started contraceptive use, suggesting an acute effect in a small subgroup of susceptible women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,30]],"date-time":"2009-03-30T21:47:56Z","timestamp":1238449676000},"page":"476-481","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Combined oral contraceptive use and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Marie\u2010odile","family":"Bernier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Mikaeloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samy","family":"SuissA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199810)41:10<1714::AID-ART3>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13625180410001715681"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","volume-title":"Contraception and sexual health 2005\/06: a report on research using the ONS Omnibus Survey produced by the Office for National Statistics on behalf of the Department of Health","author":"Taylor T","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400504"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90108-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10365"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.5.563"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22510"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04248-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1998.00701.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6779.766"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/21.3.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.5.686.32205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22683"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203305lu2104oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.012583"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0214873"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050817"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22631"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0484"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.5.2703"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780251101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/32.2.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199912)42:12<2682::AID-ANR26>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1995.tb03614.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035471"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mbc.0000256022.01900.c2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203307081113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-007-0602-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","first-page":"1222","article-title":"Smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"30","author":"Formica MK","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; 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