{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:47:16Z","timestamp":1791247636622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]],"date-time":"2011-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Galectin 3, an endogenous \u03b2\u2010galactoside\u2013binding lectin, plays an important role in the modulation of immune responses. The finding that galectin 3 is present in the inflamed synovium in patients with rheumatoid arthritis suggests that the protein is associated with the pathogenesis of this disease. We undertook this study to investigate the influence of galectin 3 deficiency in a murine model of arthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wild\u2010type (WT) and galectin 3\u2013deficient (galectin 3<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>) mice were subjected to antigen\u2010induced arthritis (AIA) through immunization with methylated bovine serum albumin. The concentration of serum cytokines (interleukin\u20106 [IL\u20106] and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 [TNF\u03b1]) and antigen\u2010specific antibodies was evaluated using a cytometric bead array platform and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cellular IL\u201017 responses were examined by flow cytometry, ELISA, and enzyme\u2010linked immunospot assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The joint inflammation and bone erosion of AIA were markedly suppressed in galectin 3<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice as compared with WT mice. The reduced arthritis in galectin 3<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice was accompanied by decreased levels of antigen\u2010specific IgG and proinflammatory cytokines. The frequency of IL\u201017\u2013producing cells in the spleen was reduced in galectin 3<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice as compared with WT mice. Exogenously added recombinant galectin 3 could partially restore the reduced arthritis and cytokines in galectin 3<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings show that galectin 3 plays a pathogenic role in the development and progression of AIA and that the disease severity is accompanied by alterations of antigen\u2010specific IgG levels, systemic levels of TNF\u03b1 and IL\u20106, and frequency of IL\u201017\u2013producing T cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of in vivo evidence that galectin 3 plays a crucial role in the development of arthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,27]],"date-time":"2010-10-27T23:03:45Z","timestamp":1288220625000},"page":"445-454","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Galectin 3 aggravates joint inflammation and destruction in antigen\u2010induced 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