{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:19:17Z","timestamp":1785161957519,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,28]],"date-time":"2011-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1319760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>B cells impact the perpetuation of chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases in multiple ways. A role of B cells as antigen\u2010presenting cells (APCs) in the pathogenesis of chronic arthritis in humans has been suggested; however, as of yet the presence of such B cells at the site of inflammation has not been demonstrated. This study was undertaken to investigate whether synovial B cells in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) might display features of APCs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The frequency, phenotype, and immunoglobulin repertoire of synovial B cells were studied by flow cytometry and single\u2010cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cytokine expression by B cells was analyzed by real\u2010time PCR, and interaction between B cells and T cells was investigated in a mixed lymphocyte culture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>CD27+IgD\u2212 and CD27\u2212IgD\u2212 B cells accumulated in the joints of JIA patients and displayed an activated phenotype. Both B cell subsets expressed hypermutated and class\u2010switched immunoglobulins, indicators of memory B cells. The accumulating memory B cells expressed the costimulatory molecules CD80\/CD86 and showed a higher capacity to activate allogeneic T cells and prime a Th1 phenotype than their peripheral blood counterparts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Activated immunoglobulin class\u2013switched CD27\u2212 and CD27+ memory B cells, indicating a phenotype of APCs with expression of costimulatory molecules, accumulate in the joints of patients with JIA and might be involved in the amplification of pathogenic T cell activation. These findings provide evidence that B cells play an antibody\u2010independent immunopathologic role in human chronic inflammatory arthritis of childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T17:02:29Z","timestamp":1311699749000},"page":"3458-3466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Activated memory B cells may function as antigen\u2010presenting cells in the joints of children with juvenile idiopathic 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