{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:17:43Z","timestamp":1790259463583,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,27]],"date-time":"2012-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the production of type I interferon (IFN) by myoblasts and to identify its cell source and the link to Toll\u2010like receptor (TLR) and C\u2010type lectin receptor (CLR) expression and function in myositis biopsy sections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Production of IFN\u03b2 was assessed in cultured myoblasts after stimulation with the TLR\u20103 agonist poly(I\u2010C) or with cytokines involved in Th1 and Th17 differentiation. Expression of HLA class I molecules by myoblasts was analyzed by fluorescence\u2010activated cell sorting after activation of TLR\u20103 and IFN\u03b2 neutralization. In muscle biopsy samples from patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis, expression of IFN\u03b2, CD56 (a marker of immature muscle precursors), and HLA class I was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Inflammatory infiltrates were characterized for the expression of myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), their associated CLRs, and the products of activated DCs, interleukin\u201012 (IL\u201012), and IL\u201023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In cultured myoblasts, stimulation of TLR\u20103 induced the production of IFN\u03b2 when combined with IFN\u03b3 and up\u2010regulated the expression of HLA class I molecules, which was decreased after IFN\u03b2 blockade. In myositis biopsy tissues, immature muscle precursors overexpressing HLA class I were identified as a source of IFN\u03b2. CLRs associated with myeloid DCs were broadly expressed in inflammatory infiltrates, in association with IL\u201012 and IL\u201023, and with immature muscle precursors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immature muscle precursors may represent a local source of IFN\u03b2 and the target of an immune response involving activated DCs associated with the expression of CLRs and of IL\u201012 and IL\u201023, which are implicated in T cell polarization. In turn, such local production of IFN\u03b2 after TLR\u20103 activation in the presence of the Th1 cytokine IFN\u03b3 may explain HLA class I overexpression in myositis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,14]],"date-time":"2011-09-14T23:31:22Z","timestamp":1316043082000},"page":"533-541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Immature muscle precursors are a source of interferon\u2010\u03b2 in myositis: Role of Toll\u2010like receptor 3 activation and contribution to HLA class I up\u2010regulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Tournadre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanina","family":"Lenief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assia","family":"Eljaafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Miossec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11428"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00032-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(95)00122-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.1998.00092.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03180.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20464"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22860"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22928"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22558"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27465"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00551.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.16.9209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041367"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502132920706"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.1999.00178.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.12.4241","article-title":"Regulation of MHC expression in vivo. 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