{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T10:56:54Z","timestamp":1781866614689,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,28]],"date-time":"2012-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluid, levels of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2\u2010arachidonylglycerol are elevated. Since synovial fibroblasts (SFs) possess all of the enzymes necessary for endocannabinoid synthesis, it is likely that these cells contribute significantly to elevated endocannabinoid levels. While glucocorticoids initiate endocannabinoid synthesis in neurons, this study was undertaken to test whether cortisol also regulates endocannabinoid levels in mesenchymal cells such as SFs, and whether this interferes with integrin\u2010mediated adhesion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adhesion was determined in 1\u2010minute intervals over 60 minutes using an xCELLigence system. Slopes from individual treatment groups were averaged and compared to the control. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX\u20102) were detected by immunocytochemistry, and AEA was detected by mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cortisol increased the adhesion of RASFs and osteoarthritis SFs with a maximum of 200% at both 10<jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> and 10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>M.<\/jats:italic> When cortisol was administered together with either cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) antagonist (rimonabant; 100 n<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>), CB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> antagonist (JTE907; 100 n<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>), transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1 (TRPV\u20101) antagonist (capsazepine; 1 \u03bc<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>), FAAH inhibitor, or COX\u20102 inhibitor, adhesion was reduced below the level in controls. Concomitant inhibition of FAAH and COX\u20102 reversed these effects. Mass spectrometry revealed the presence of AEA in SFs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that glucocorticoid\u2010induced adhesion is dependent on CB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/CB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/TRPV\u20101 activation. Since AEA is produced in SFs, this endocannabinoid is the most likely candidate to mediate these effects. Since AEA levels are regulated by COX\u20102 and FAAH, inhibition of both enzymes along with low\u2010dose glucocorticoids may provide a therapeutic option to maximally boost the endocannabinoid system in RA, with possible beneficial effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]],"date-time":"2012-08-29T20:17:53Z","timestamp":1346271473000},"page":"3867-3876","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cortisol\u2010mediated adhesion of synovial fibroblasts is dependent on the degradation of anandamide and activation of the endocannabinoid 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