{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:31:35Z","timestamp":1791297095885,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,30]],"date-time":"2013-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Use of diuretics has been associated with an increased risk of gout. Data on different types of diuretics are scarce. We undertook this study to investigate the association between use of loop diuretics, thiazide or thiazide\u2010like diuretics, and potassium\u2010sparing agents and the risk of developing incident gout.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a retrospective population\u2010based case\u2013control analysis using the General Practice Research Database established in the UK. We identified case patients who were diagnosed as having incident gout between 1990 and 2010. One control patient was matched to each case patient for age, sex, general practice, calendar time, and years of active history in the database. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and we adjusted for potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 91,530 incident cases of gout and the same number of matched controls. Compared to past use of diuretics from each respective drug class, adjusted ORs for current use of loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, thiazide\u2010like diuretics, and potassium\u2010sparing diuretics were 2.64 (95% CI 2.47\u20132.83), 1.70 (95% CI 1.62\u20131.79), 2.30 (95% CI 1.95\u20132.70), and 1.06 (95% CI 0.91\u20131.23), respectively. Combined use of loop diuretics and thiazide diuretics was associated with the highest relative risk estimates of gout (adjusted OR 4.65 [95% CI 3.51\u20136.16]). Current use of calcium channel blockers or losartan slightly attenuated the risk of gout in patients who took diuretics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Use of loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and thiazide\u2010like diuretics was associated with an increased risk of incident gout, although use of potassium\u2010sparing agents was not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,21]],"date-time":"2013-10-21T15:45:39Z","timestamp":1382370339000},"page":"185-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Use of Diuretics and Risk of Incident Gout: A Population\u2010Based Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Saskia","family":"Bruderer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Basel and University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bodmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and Bern University Hospital, Inselspital Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan S.","family":"Jick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Lexington, Massachusetts, and Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph R.","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Basel and University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Lexington, Massachusetts, and Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp369"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-7-200510040-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.024091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.076232"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.7.742"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16000-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp030733"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CARD.0000015855.02485.e3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006040415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90936-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90439-5","article-title":"The determinants and prognostic significance of serum uric acid in elderly patients of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial","volume":"90","author":"Staessen J","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(76)90003-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)00101-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(88)80196-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1000496"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080768"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Recent diuretic use and the risk of recurrent gout attacks: the online case\u2010crossover gout study","volume":"33","author":"Hunter DJ","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2006.00577.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"High prevalence of gout in patients with Type 2 diabetes: male sex, renal impairment, and diuretic use are major risk factors","volume":"121","author":"Suppiah R","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.040360"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"1501","article-title":"The interaction between uric acid level and other risk factors on the development of gout among asymptomatic hyperuricemic men in a prospective study","volume":"27","author":"Lin KC","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283438e13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/91.6.445"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp10X483562"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200427120-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1998.00701.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14236\/jhi.v12i3.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70451-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04248-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6779.766"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.5.686.32205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2009.03537.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2630010607"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1998.00701.x","article-title":"Use of the UK General Practice Research Database for pharmacoepidemiology","author":"Garcia Rodriguez LA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/21.3.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1997.00647.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000279518.10072.df"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d8190"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","unstructured":"2011 UKC.United Kingdom population by ethnic group. Office for National Statistics. Newport UK.2011."}],"container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fart.38203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/art.38203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:01:22Z","timestamp":1759939282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/art.38203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,30]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/art.38203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.38203","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2326-5191","2326-5205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2326-5191","type":"print"},{"value":"2326-5205","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,30]]}}}