{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:38:50Z","timestamp":1768484330200,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]],"date-time":"2014-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with B cell lymphoproliferative disorders, including mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) vasculitis and B cell non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma. The expansion of clonal and autoreactive rheumatoid factor\u2013bearing CD21<jats:sup>\u2212\/low<\/jats:sup> marginal zone (MZ) B cells was demonstrated in patients with HCV\u2010associated MC vasculitis. Fc receptor\u2013like (FCRL) proteins comprise a family of immunoregulatory proteins preferentially expressed on B lineage cells. The goal of this study was to investigate the expression of FCRL proteins 1\u20135 on B cells from patients with HCV\u2010associated MC vasculitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Expression of FCRL proteins 1\u20135 was assessed by flow cytometry on B cells from 15 HCV\u2010infected patients with type II MC (7 of whom had B cell non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma), 20 HCV\u2010infected patients without MC, and 20 healthy donors. To evaluate FCRL\u20105 as an immunotherapy target in HCV\u2010associated MC vasculitis, 2 anti\u2013FCRL\u20105 recombinant immunotoxins were produced using anti\u2013FCRL\u20105 monoclonal antibodies and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic> exotoxin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Expression of FCRLs 2, 3, and 5 was markedly increased while expression of FCRL\u20101 was decreased on clonal CD21<jats:sup>\u2212\/low<\/jats:sup> MZ B cells, as compared with other B cell subsets, from HCV\u2010infected patients and healthy donors. However, there was no difference in the pattern of FCRL expression between HCV\u2010MC patients with lymphoma and those without lymphoma. The anti\u2013FCRL\u20105 immunotoxins showed specific cytotoxicity against FCRL\u20105\u2013expressing clonal CD21<jats:sup>\u2212\/low<\/jats:sup> MZ B cells isolated from HCV\u2010infected patients as well as FCRL\u20105\u2013transfected cell lines. No cytotoxicity against T cells or conventional B cells was observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that FCRL\u20105\u2013targeting therapies could be a specific treatment for HCV\u2010associated MC vasculitis and other FCRL\u20105\u2013positive autoimmune B cell disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,14]],"date-time":"2013-10-14T12:52:38Z","timestamp":1381755158000},"page":"433-443","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["CD21<sup>\u2212\/low<\/sup> Marginal Zone B Cells Highly Express Fc Receptor\u2013like 5 Protein and Are Killed by Anti\u2013Fc Receptor\u2013like 5 Immunotoxins in Hepatitis C Virus\u2013Associated Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Terrier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959, Groupe Hospitalier 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