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Members of the FCC were monitored for 18 years. SLE cases were identified using the American College of Rheumatology 1997 revised classification criteria, laboratory testing, and medical record review. Each case was matched to 4 controls by age, race, and sex. Sera from potential cases and controls were screened for autoantibodies. Cumulative exposure to uranium particulates was calculated using a dosimetry model. Logistic regression with covariates was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the probability of an association between uranium exposure and SLE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The FCC comprised 4,187 individuals with minimal levels of uranium exposure, 1,273 with moderate exposure, and 2,756 with high exposure. The diagnosis of SLE was confirmed in 23 of 31 individuals who had been assigned International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for lupus, and was also confirmed in 2 of 43 individuals who had been prescribed hydroxychloroquine. The female to male ratio was 5.25:1. Of the 25 confirmed SLE cases, 12 were in the high exposure group. The presence of SLE was associated with higher levels of uranium exposure (OR 3.92, 95% CI 1.13\u201313.59; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.031).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>High uranium exposure is associated with SLE, as compared to matched controls, in this sample of uranium\u2010exposed individuals. Potential explanations for this relationship include possible autoimmune or estrogen effects of uranium, somatic mutation, epigenetic effects, or effects of some other unidentified accompanying exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T09:43:57Z","timestamp":1407404637000},"page":"3105-3112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Association of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Uranium Exposure in a Community Living Near a Uranium\u2010Processing Plant: A Nested Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Pai\u2010Yue","family":"Lu\u2010Fritts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Lexington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah C.","family":"Kottyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and US Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith A.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changchung","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanette M.","family":"Buckholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Pinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Harley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and US Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2008.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350310"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339600500112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22210"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200105)44:5<1122::AID-ANR193>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199904)35:4<375::AID-AJIM8>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.111609"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.5.563"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq214"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20335"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-008-0937-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-6-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.11.1029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039899709602869"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Health effects in community residents near a uranium plant at Fernald, Ohio, USA","volume":"16","author":"Pinney SM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181c558f1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400928"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203306lu2326oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.00959.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021933"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22665"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","volume-title":"The Fernald Dosimetry Reconstruction Project. 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