{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:10:28Z","timestamp":1788977428362,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Autoimmunity Centers of Excellence","award":["U19-AI-056363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI-056363"]}]},{"name":"Autoimmunity Centers of Excellence","award":["U19-AI-0563626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI-0563626"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008333","name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008333","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences award","award":["UL1-TR-00165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR-00165"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006942","name":"Medical University of South Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K23-AR-052364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-AR-052364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006942","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources award","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1-RR-029882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-RR-029882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D modulates the immune response and blocks induction of an interferon (IFN) signature by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the IFN signature in patients with SLE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>SLE patients (n\u2009=\u200957) with stable, inactive disease, a serum 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level \u226420 ng\/ml, an elevated anti\u2013double\u2010stranded DNA antibody level, and an IFN signature (as determined by measuring the expression levels of 3 IFN response genes) were randomized into a 12\u2010week double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> at doses of 2,000 IU or 4,000 IU. An IFN signature response was defined as a 50% reduction in the expression of 1 of the 3 genes or a 25% reduction in the expression of 2 of the 3 genes. Disease activity, adverse events, and endocrine effects were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Baseline characteristics of the patients in the 3 treatment groups (placebo, low\u2010dose vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, or high\u2010dose vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) were similar. Repletion of 25(OH)D (i.e., levels \u226530 ng\/ml) was not observed in any of the patients who were receiving placebo, while repletion was observed in 16 of 33 patients receiving vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. The percentage of patients with an IFN signature response did not differ among the treatment groups. Moreover, there was no difference in the percentage of patients with an IFN signature response between those who remained vitamin D deficient and those who demonstrated repletion of vitamin D. Modular microarray analysis of a subset of patients (n\u2009=\u200940) did not reveal changes from baseline in any modules (including the IFN\u2010inducible module) in any of the treatment groups, and no differences in expression were found between patients who demonstrated vitamin D repletion and patients who were persistently vitamin D deficient. Vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was well tolerated, and there were no safety concerns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> supplementation up to 4,000 IU daily was safe and well\u2010tolerated but failed to diminish the IFN signature in vitamin D\u2013deficient SLE patients. Higher 25(OH)D levels sustained for a longer duration may be required to affect immunologic outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T18:55:25Z","timestamp":1426532125000},"page":"1848-1857","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Randomized, Double\u2010Blind, Placebo\u2010Controlled Trial of the Effect of Vitamin D<sub>3<\/sub> on the Interferon Signature in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Aranow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane L.","family":"Kamen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Dall'Era","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena M.","family":"Massarotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meggan C.","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fotios","family":"Koumpouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Penn Hospital Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Coca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester Rochester New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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