{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:58:24Z","timestamp":1790794704551,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"European Union Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005010","name":"Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5x1000 9962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5x1000 9962"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00fa Children's Hospital"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["GR-2011-02352151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2011-02352151"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["GR-2011-02347874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2011-02347874"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is associated with high levels of interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106) in the serum and synovial fluid, and impairment of natural killer (NK) cell function is often observed. This study was undertaken to evaluate a possible link between these 2 biologic findings and whether they may be associated with the development of macrophage activation syndrome, a condition frequently observed in systemic JIA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Splenocytes from wild\u2010type (WT) or IL\u20106\u2013transgenic (Tg) mice were evaluated for NK cell cytotoxicity using a <jats:sup>51<\/jats:sup>Cr\u2010release assay. Numbers of NK cells and expression of perforin, granzyme B, CD69, and CD107a were evaluated by flow cytometry. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy donors were treated with IL\u20106 and cultured in the presence or absence of tocilizumab (TCZ), an IL\u20106 receptor blocker. Human polyclonal NK cells from healthy donor PBMCs were evaluated for cell cytotoxicity and expression of perforin, granzyme B, and CD107a. PBMCs harvested from patients with systemic JIA during periods of active or inactive disease were left untreated or treated with IL\u20106 in combination with soluble IL\u20106 receptor and analyzed for the expression of perforin and granzyme B.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Splenic NK cell cytotoxicity was reduced in IL\u20106\u2013Tg mice compared to WT mice. Levels of CD69 and CD107a showed no significant differences, whereas expression of perforin and granzyme B was impaired in NK cells from IL\u20106\u2013Tg mice. Exposure of human peripheral blood NK cells to IL\u20106 led to reduced expression of perforin and granzyme B. Culturing human polyclonal NK cells in the presence of TCZ significantly increased cell cytotoxicity, and also increased expression of perforin and granzyme B. In patients with systemic JIA, a reduction in IL\u20106 plasma levels during disease remission correlated with the rescue of perforin and granzyme B expression in NK cells from these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In both mice and humans, IL\u20106 down\u2010modulated the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. This decrease was associated with reduced perforin and granzyme B levels in the absence of altered granule exocytosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,6]],"date-time":"2015-08-06T10:26:53Z","timestamp":1438856813000},"page":"3037-3046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":253,"title":["Inhibition of Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity by Interleukin\u20106: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Macrophage Activation Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Loredana","family":"Cifaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00fa Children's Hospital Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giusi","family":"Prencipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00fa Children's Hospital Rome 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