{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:33:49Z","timestamp":1789428829588,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["AR-47785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR-47785"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sleep apnea is associated with hyperuricemia owing to hypoxia\u2010induced nucleotide turnover. We undertook this study to assess the relationship between incident sleep apnea and the risk of incident gout.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data from The Health Improvement Network in the UK, we identified individuals with a first\u2010ever physician diagnosis of sleep apnea. For each patient with sleep apnea, up to 5 individuals without sleep apnea were matched by sex, age, birth year, and body mass index (within \u00b10.5 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). We estimated the incidence rates of gout and examined the relationship between sleep apnea and the risk of incident gout using a Cox proportional hazards model, adjusting for potential confounders. In addition, we assessed the rate difference in gout due to sleep apnea using an additive hazard model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 9,865 patients with newly diagnosed sleep apnea and 43,598 matched individuals without sleep apnea, we identified 270 incident cases of gout over 1 year of followup, resulting in incidence rates of 8.4 per 1,000 person\u2010years and 4.8 per 1,000 person\u2010years, respectively. The crude and multivariable rate ratios of incident gout in patients with sleep apnea were 1.7 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.3, 2.2) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.1, 2.1), respectively. The corresponding rate differences between patients with sleep apnea and the comparison cohort were 3.6 (95% CI 1.6, 5.6) and 2.8 (95% CI 0.7, 4.9) per 1,000 person\u2010years. The effect of sleep apnea persisted across subgroups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This general population\u2013based study indicates that sleep apnea is independently associated with an increased risk of incident gout. Future research should examine the potential benefits of correcting sleep apnea\u2013induced hypoxia on the risk of hyperuricemia and gout flares.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T01:39:38Z","timestamp":1444700378000},"page":"3298-3302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Sleep Apnea and the Risk of Incident Gout: A Population\u2010Based, Body Mass Index\u2013Matched Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine E.","family":"Peloquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Dubreuil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Roddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele University  Keele UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuhina","family":"Neogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyon K.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30520"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204463"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.53.11.759"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"Primary gout in Shantou: a clinical and epidemiological study","volume":"116","author":"Zeng Q","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22466"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.09.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204976"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38917"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Sleep apnea as a cause of gout flares","volume":"11","author":"Abrams B.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medscape J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-86-2-230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"254","article-title":"Hyperuricaemia in males with obstructive sleep apnoea (osa)","volume":"73","author":"Plywaczewski R","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pneumonol Alergol Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S1579-2129(06)60575-2","article-title":"Blood uric acid levels in patients with sleep\u2010disordered breathing","volume":"42","author":"Ruiz Garcia A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066891"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Hyperlipidaemia in patients with sleep\u2010related breathing disorders: prevalence & risk factors","volume":"131","author":"Chou YT","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"534","article-title":"Nocturnal increase of urinary uric acid:creatinine ratio: a biochemical correlate of sleep\u2010associated hypoxemia","volume":"135","author":"Hasday JD","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Review Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.6.1604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6732.1092"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"First Databank. 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