{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:04:56Z","timestamp":1791939896671,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]],"date-time":"2016-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["UL1-TR-000117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR-000117"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["UL1-TR-000117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR-000117"]}]},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Award Consortium"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"NCRR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify predictors of the receipt of medical care, including the receipt of pre\u2010drug screening, for diagnostically targeted fungal or mycobacterial infections among patients prescribed a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a case\u2013control study using deidentified patient health claims information from a data set representing a commercially insured US population of 15 million patients annually from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009. Descriptive statistics as well as a 2\u2010sample\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test, chi\u2010square test of association, Fisher's exact test, and multivariate logistic regression were used for data analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 30,772 patients received a TNFi during the study period. Of these, 158 patients (0.51%) developed targeted fungal and\/or mycobacterial infections (cases). The median number of infections per case was 1.0 (interquartile range 1.0\u20132.0). Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 61% of cases, followed by histoplasmosis in 60%, nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in 11%, coccidioidomycosis in 10%, unspecified fungal infection in 8%, blastomycosis in 4%, cryptococcal infection in 3%, and pneumocystosis in 2%. Compared to controls (n\u2009= 474), a higher proportion of cases were prescribed prednisone (55% versus 37%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Patients who were prescribed prednisone during the study period were twice as likely as those not taking prednisone to seek medical care attributable to a targeted fungal or mycobacterial infection (odds ratio 2.03;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Development of a targeted fungal or mycobacterial infection among patients taking a TNFi is rare. Concomitant use of prednisone predicted development of such infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T16:04:14Z","timestamp":1445011454000},"page":"597-603","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Risk Factors for Targeted Fungal and Mycobacterial Infections in Patients Taking Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Salt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda T.","family":"Wiggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Kay","family":"Rayens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moises A.","family":"Huaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mannino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Schwieterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Merkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lexington Clinic Lexington Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie J.","family":"Crofford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"CD008794","volume-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","author":"Singh JA","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"American College of Rheumatology. Anti\u2010TNF.2012. URL:https:\/\/www.rheumatology.org\/Practice\/Clinical\/Patients\/Medications\/Anti-TNF\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.01.879"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. TB: data and statistics.2014. URL:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tb\/statistics\/default.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2820-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.United States of America: tuberculosis profile.2014. URL:http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/country\/data\/profiles\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Histoplasmosis.2014. URL:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/fungal\/diseases\/histoplasmosis\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1709.101987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2009.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Definition of valley fever (coccidioidomycosis).2014. URL:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/fungal\/diseases\/coccidioidomycosis\/definition.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588300"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fungal infections: blastomycosis.2015. URL:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/fungal\/diseases\/blastomycosis\/statistics.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fungal infections: pneumocystis pneumonia.2015. 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