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This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of cerebral and corpus callosum atrophy in childhood\u2010onset SLE and to determine the possible relationships between atrophy and clinical, laboratory, and treatment features of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 76 patients with childhood\u2010onset SLE (69 female and 7 male; median age 16 years) and 66 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched healthy controls. Neurologic manifestations were analyzed according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. These SLE patients were further assessed for clinical and laboratory manifestations of SLE, disease activity (using the SLE Disease Activity Index), damage (using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics\/ACR Damage Index), and current and cumulative drug exposures. Scans were performed with a Philips 3.0T MRI scanner using a standardized protocol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Childhood\u2010onset SLE patients had significantly smaller cerebral and corpus callosum volumes than controls (median cerebral volume 1,067.9 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      versus 1,172.7 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      and median corpus callosum volume 11.6 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      versus 13.7 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The presence of structural abnormalities was observed in 42 patients (55.3%) with childhood\u2010onset SLE. The presence of cerebral atrophy was associated with anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02), anti\u2013double\u2010stranded DNA (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02), and cumulative corticosteroid dose (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04). The presence of corpus callosum atrophy was associated with low complement level (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) and acute confusional state (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01). Serum levels of S100B or high molecular weight neurofilament and the presence of anti\u2013ribosomal P were not associated with atrophy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Structural brain abnormalities were observed in 55.3% of the patients and were associated with neuropsychiatric manifestations, aCL, and corticosteroid use. To determine permanent neurologic damage, longitudinal studies must be conducted in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T03:25:23Z","timestamp":1458357923000},"page":"2193-2199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Reduction of Cerebral and Corpus Callosum Volumes in Childhood\u2010Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Aline","family":"Tamires Lapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Postal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nail\u00fa","family":"Ang\u00e9lica 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