{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T21:54:25Z","timestamp":1789163665086,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regulatory B cells that inhibit immune responses through interleukin\u201010 (IL\u201010) secretion (B10 cells) have been characterized in adult subjects with autoimmune disease. The aim of this study was to characterize B10 cells in individuals across the entire age range of normal human development and changes in their frequency and numbers in children with autoimmunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The phenotype and numbers of B10 cells in blood were examined in healthy individuals and children with autoimmunity, using flow cytometry. B10 cell function was assessed by measuring the effect of B cell\u2013derived IL\u201010 on interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u03b3) expression by CD4+ T cells. Serum cytokine levels were measured by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The frequency of B10 cells transiently increased during childhood, when up to 30% of B cells were competent to produce IL\u201010, compared with the low frequencies in healthy newborns (3\u20134%) and adults (7\u20139%). The surface phenotype of B10 cells in children revealed age\u2010dependent variability. B10 cells from children were distinct from proinflammatory cytokine\u2013producing B cells and down\u2010regulated IFN\u03b3 production by CD4+ T cells in vitro. Compared with age\u2010matched healthy controls, children with autoimmunity had lower numbers and frequencies of B10 cells (decreased by 39% and 48%, respectively), higher IFN\u03b3 levels, and lower IL\u201021 levels in serum. IFN\u03b3 inhibited, whereas IL\u201021 promoted, B cell IL\u201010 competence in vitro.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>B10 cells, a functionally defined cell subset with a variable surface phenotype reflective of overall B cell development, transiently expand during childhood. B10 cell frequencies and numbers were decreased in children with autoimmunity, which may be explained in part by alterations in serum IFN\u03b3 and IL\u201021 that differentially regulate B10 cell development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,18]],"date-time":"2016-07-18T11:42:48Z","timestamp":1468842168000},"page":"225-238","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Regulatory B Cell Compartment Expands Transiently During Childhood and Is Contracted in Children With Autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kalampokis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guglielmo M.","family":"Venturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center Durham North 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