{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:13:25Z","timestamp":1790363605128,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,13]],"date-time":"2017-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000142","name":"Arthritis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004089","name":"Krembil Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["148977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["148977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients who met the modified New York criteria for AS were recruited for the study. Healthy volunteers, rheumatoid arthritis patients, and osteoarthritis patients were included as controls. Based on the annual rate of increase in modified Stoke AS Spine Score (mSASSS), AS patients were classified as progressors or nonprogressors. MIF levels in serum and synovial fluid were quantitated by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. Predictors of AS progression were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of ileal tissue was performed to identify MIF\u2010producing cells. Flow cytometry was used to identify MIF\u2010producing subsets, expression patterns of the MIF receptor (CD74), and MIF\u2010induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in the peripheral blood. MIF\u2010induced mineralization of osteoblast cells (SaOS\u20102) was analyzed by alizarin red S staining, and Western blotting was used to quantify active \u03b2\u2010catenin levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline serum MIF levels were significantly elevated in AS patients compared to healthy controls and were found to independently predict AS progression. MIF levels were higher in the synovial fluid of AS patients, and MIF\u2010producing macrophages and Paneth cells were enriched in their gut. MIF induced TNF production in monocytes, activated \u03b2\u2010catenin in osteoblasts, and promoted the mineralization of osteoblasts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate an unexplored pathogenic role of MIF in AS and a link between inflammation and new bone formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,8]],"date-time":"2017-06-08T23:57:41Z","timestamp":1496966261000},"page":"1796-1806","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Induces Inflammation and Predicts Spinal Progression in Ankylosing 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