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IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017RB<\/jats:styled-content> expression and the frequencies of natural group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC<\/jats:styled-content>2s), inflammatory ILC<\/jats:styled-content>2s, and M2\u2010polarized macrophages were assessed by flow cytometry in SG<\/jats:styled-content> mononuclear cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>s). Tissue distribution of ILC<\/jats:styled-content>2s was studied by confocal microscopy. The role of recombinant IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201025 and of rituximab in modulating IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201025 expression was investigated in in vitro studies. IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201025\/IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017RB<\/jats:styled-content> and TRAF<\/jats:styled-content>6 expression and the role of IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201025 inhibition were also studied in the experimental murine model of SS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Activation of the IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201025\/IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017RB<\/jats:styled-content>\/TRAF<\/jats:styled-content>6 axis correlated with the focus score and was observed in patients with primary SS<\/jats:styled-content> and in patients with primary SS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013associated NHL<\/jats:styled-content>. A significant increase in the frequency of inflammatory ILC<\/jats:styled-content>2s was observed both in SG<\/jats:styled-content> mononuclear cells and in PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>s. IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201025 stimulation of isolated SG<\/jats:styled-content> mononuclear cells and PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>s from patients and controls resulted both in inflammatory ILC<\/jats:styled-content>2 expansion and in increased autoantibody production. Rituximab modulated expression of inflammatory ILC<\/jats:styled-content>2s and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201025 in primary SS<\/jats:styled-content>. SG<\/jats:styled-content> protein\u2013immunized mice developed overt SS<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms with increased IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201025 expression and increased frequency of CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017RB<\/jats:styled-content>+TRAF<\/jats:styled-content>6+ cells. IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201025 neutralization attenuated disease progression and tissue pathology in mice with experimental SS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201025 may promote the inflammatory state in primary SS<\/jats:styled-content> and may be a potential target for novel disease\u2010modifying therapeutic strategies in patients with primary SS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]],"date-time":"2018-03-23T06:32:21Z","timestamp":1521786741000},"page":"1265-1275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Interleukin\u201025 Axis Is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Human Primary and Experimental Murine Sj\u00f6gren's 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