{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:19:23Z","timestamp":1791501563544,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006260","name":"Rheumatology Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scientific Development award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientific Development award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006260","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24 AR066109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24 AR066109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AR059086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR059086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Knee pain from osteoarthritis is frequent in the adult population. Prior trials have had conflicting results concerning the therapeutic effects of vitamin D on knee pain, and few trials have investigated marine Omega\u20103 fatty acids (n\u20103 FA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled Vitamin D and Omega\u20103 Trial (VITAL), 25,871 US adults were randomized in a 2\u2010by\u20102 factorial design to receive vitamin D or n\u20103 FA. We identified a subgroup with chronic knee pain prior to randomization and assessed knee pain at baseline and annually during follow\u2010up using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) (graded on a 0\u2013100 scale, where 100 indicates worst symptoms). Repeated measures modeling was used to test the effect of randomized treatment on WOMAC pain scores over follow\u2010up after adjustment for age and sex. Analyses were repeated for WOMAC function and stiffness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study included 1,398 participants who returned at least one knee pain questionnaire. The mean age was 67.7 years, 66% were women, and the mean \u00b1 SD WOMAC pain score was 37 \u00b1 19. The mean \u00b1 SD follow\u2010up time was 5.3 \u00b1 0.7 years. WOMAC pain did not differ between the active vitamin D group and the vitamin D placebo group or between the active n\u20103 FA group and the n\u20103 FA placebo group at any time point during follow\u2010up. Linear time\u2010by\u2010treatment interactions were not significant for either treatment (vitamin D, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.41; n\u20103 FA, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.77). Vitamin D and n\u20103 FA supplementation did not significantly affect WOMAC function or stiffness scores over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that vitamin D and n\u20103 FA supplementation for a mean of 5.3 years does not reduce knee pain or improve function or stiffness in a large sample of US adults with chronic knee pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T06:16:12Z","timestamp":1593065772000},"page":"1836-1844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["The Effects of Vitamin D and Marine Omega\u20103 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Chronic Knee Pain in Older US Adults: Results From a Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8398-3804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey A.","family":"MacFarlane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9705-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy R.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunjung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u2010Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4708-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maura D.","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, and Sacred Heart University  Fairfield Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie E.","family":"Buring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2104-4670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey N.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoAnn E.","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-9388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen H.","family":"Costenbader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00361-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22897"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.2.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2015 state and national summary tables.2015. 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