{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T06:40:35Z","timestamp":1769841635937,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR\u2010RP\u20102014\u201004\u2010026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR\u2010RP\u20102014\u201004\u2010026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005044","name":"Keele University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005044","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the existence of distinct classes of gout flare trajectories and compare their gout\u2010specific, comorbid, and sociodemographic characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a prospective cohort study, adults with gout who were registered with 20 general practices self\u2010reported the number of gout flares experienced at baseline and after 6, 12, 24, and 36 months via postal questionnaires. Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was used to identify distinct gout flare trajectory classes. Statistical criteria and clinical interpretability were used to decide the optimal number of classes. Baseline comorbidities, medications, and sociodemographic and gout\u2010specific characteristics of members of each class were described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1,164 participants (mean \u00b1 SD age 65.6 \u00b1 12.5 years; 972 [84%] male) were included. Six latent gout flare trajectory classes were identified: \u201cfrequent and persistent\u201d (n = 95), \u201cgradually worsening\u201d (n = 276), \u201cfrequent then improving\u201d (n = 14), \u201cmoderately frequent\u201d (n = 287), \u201cmoderately frequent then improving\u201d (n = 143), and \u201cinfrequent\u201d (n = 349). The \u201cfrequent and persistent\u201d trajectory had the most class members classified as obese and, along with the \u201cgradually worsening\u201d class, the highest proportion who were socioeconomically deprived. The \u201cfrequent and persistent,\u201d \u201cgradually worsening,\u201d and \u201dfrequent then improving\u201d classes had the highest proportions of class members with an estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 ml\/minute\/1.73 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. The \u201cinfrequent\u201d gout flare class was associated with more frequent allopurinol use and lower urate levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six distinct gout flare trajectories were identified. Infrequent flares were associated with allopurinol use and lower serum urate levels, supporting the use of urate\u2010lowering therapy to reduce flare frequency. The characteristics of flare trajectory classes could help to target interventions and improve patient care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T03:00:58Z","timestamp":1596769258000},"page":"1928-1935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Latent Class Growth Analysis of Gout Flare Trajectories: A Three\u2010Year Prospective Cohort Study in Primary Care"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4433-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorraine","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis Keele University  Keele Staffordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Belcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis Keele University  Keele Staffordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis Keele University  Keele Staffordshire UK"},{"name":"Keele Clinical Trials Unit Keele University  Keele Staffordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis Keele University  Keele Staffordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Mallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis Keele University  Keele Staffordshire UK"},{"name":"Haywood Academic Rheumatology Centre Midlands Partnership NHS Foundation Trust  Stoke\u2010on\u2010Trent UK"},{"name":"IHR Applied Research Centre (ARC) West Midlands &amp; 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