{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T07:31:08Z","timestamp":1774423868570,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]],"date-time":"2022-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007637","name":"COLCIENCIAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["award 727, 2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["award 727, 2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCOVIT, 01KI20161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCOVIT, 01KI20161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017268","name":"Berlin Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HORIZON2020 Project SUPPORT\u2010E, no. 101015756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HORIZON2020 Project SUPPORT\u2010E, no. 101015756"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERDF 2014\u20132020, EFRE 1.8\/11, DRFZ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERDF 2014\u20132020, EFRE 1.8\/11, DRFZ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRR 130\/project 24, Do491\/7\u20105, Do 491\/10\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRR 130\/project 24, Do491\/7\u20105, Do 491\/10\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases receiving rituximab (RTX) therapy are at higher risk of poor COVID\u201019 outcomes and show substantially impaired humoral immune response to anti\u2013SARS\u2013CoV\u20102 vaccine. However, the complex relationship between antigen\u2010specific B cells and T cells and the level of B cell repopulation necessary to achieve anti\u2010vaccine responses remain largely unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibody responses to SARS\u2013CoV\u20102 vaccines and induction of antigen\u2010specific B and CD4\/CD8 T cell subsets were studied in 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody\u2013associated vasculitis receiving RTX, 12 patients with RA receiving other therapies, and 30 healthy controls after SARS\u2013CoV\u20102 vaccination with either messenger RNA or vector\u2010based vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A minimum of 10 B cells per microliter (0.4% of lymphocytes) in the peripheral circulation appeared to be required for RTX\u2010treated patients to mount seroconversion to anti\u2010S1 IgG upon SARS\u2013CoV\u20102 vaccination. RTX\u2010treated patients who lacked IgG seroconversion showed reduced receptor\u2010binding domain\u2013positive B cells (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0005), a lower frequency of Tfh\u2010like cells (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0481), as well as fewer activated CD4 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0036) and CD8 T cells (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0308) compared to RTX\u2010treated patients who achieved IgG seroconversion. Functionally relevant B cell depletion resulted in impaired interferon\u2010\u03b3 secretion by spike\u2010specific CD4 T cells (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0112, r\u2009=\u20090.5342). In contrast, antigen\u2010specific CD8 T cells were reduced in both RA patients and RTX\u2010treated patients, independently of IgG formation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In RTX\u2010treated patients, a minimum of 10 B cells per microliter in the peripheral circulation is a candidate biomarker for a high likelihood of an appropriate cellular and humoral response after SARS\u2013CoV\u20102 vaccination. Mechanistically, the data emphasize the crucial role of costimulatory B cell functions for the proper induction of CD4 responses propagating vaccine\u2010specific B cell and plasma cell differentiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T06:03:45Z","timestamp":1640671425000},"page":"934-947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["B Cell Numbers Predict Humoral and Cellular Response Upon\n                    <scp>SARS<\/scp>\n                    \u2013\n                    <scp>CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 Vaccination Among Patients Treated With Rituximab"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7689-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana\u2010Luisa","family":"Stefanski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Rincon\u2010Arevalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany, and Universidad de Antioquia  Medell\u00edn Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0016-7885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Schrezenmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin, Berlin, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health BIH Academy  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Karberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RheumaPraxis Steglitz  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Szelinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health BIH Academy  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Jahrsd\u00f6rfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German 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