{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:18:32Z","timestamp":1791119912126,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to investigate the incidence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in the three geographic regions of Norway and whether potential regional incidence differences are explained by environmental or genetic factors across regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a register\u2010based cohort study including all Norwegian children born from 2004 to 2019, with follow\u2010up throughout 2020. The JIA diagnosis, defined by at least two <jats:italic>International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision<\/jats:italic> codes for JIA, was validated against medical records. The incidence rate (IR) and hazard ratio (HR) for JIA were estimated for all Norway and for the North, Mid, and South regions. In a subsample from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), the genetic risk for JIA was assessed in the three regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After median 9.1 (range 0.3\u201316.0) years of follow\u2010up, we identified 1,184 patients with JIA and 910,058 controls. The IR for JIA\/100,000 person\u2010years was 14.4 in all of Norway, 25.9 in the North region, 17.9 in the Mid region, and 12.5 in the South region. The HR (95% confidence interval [CI]) of JIA in the North region was 2.07 (1.77\u20132.43) and in the Mid region HR 1.43 (95% CI 1.23\u20131.67) compared with the South region. Adjustments for perinatal factors, socioeconomic status, and early antibiotic exposure did not change our estimates substantially. In MoBa (238 patients with JIA, 57,392 controls), the association between JIA and region of birth was no longer significant when adjusting for genetic factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a higher incidence of JIA with increasing latitude without evidence for available environmental factors explaining the observed gradient. In contrast, genetic factors modified the association, but further studies are warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T05:59:59Z","timestamp":1729490399000},"page":"458-467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Incidence and Genetic Risk of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Norway by Latitude"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4199-4950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sigrid V.","family":"Hestetun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid K.","family":"Rudsari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Jaholkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Shadrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2152-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine L.","family":"Haftorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svend","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and Vestfold Hospital Trust  T\u00f8nsberg Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marite","family":"Rygg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology and St. Olav's University Hospital  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Nordal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of North Norway and University of Troms\u00f8 The Arctic University of Norway  Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Frei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole A.","family":"Andreassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Selvaag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketil","family":"St\u00f8rdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helga","family":"Sanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital and Oslo New University College  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00332-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60363-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2013.09.003"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"1520","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of juvenile arthritis why does it vary so much?","volume":"29","author":"Manners PJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22709"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"379","article-title":"Ethnic differences in risk for pediatric rheumatic illness in a culturally diverse population","volume":"29","author":"Kurahara D","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"367","article-title":"Juvenile arthritis\u2014who gets it, where and when? 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