{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:01:11Z","timestamp":1792454471392,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006260","name":"Rheumatology Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K supplement"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K supplement"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006260","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonists (GLP\u20101RAs) have cardioprotective and kidney\u2010protective benefits among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We sought to determine whether GLP\u20101RA use improves cardiovascular (CV) and kidney outcomes among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We emulated a pragmatic target trial to evaluate the impact of GLP\u20101RA versus comparator hypoglycemic agents, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i), on CV and kidney outcomes among patients with SLE and T2D using a large, US multicenter electronic health record database. We used propensity score overlap weighting to emulate randomization among treatment groups. Outcomes included major adverse CV events, venous thromboembolism (VTE), kidney disease progression (estimated glomerular filtration rate decline \u2265 30% or new onset end\u2010stage kidney disease), and all\u2010cause mortality. We used Cox regression to compare hazard ratios (HR) based on the weighted populations. In a secondary analysis, we only included patients with LN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 910 and 1,004 initiators of GLP\u20101RA and DPP4i, respectively, including 267 and 324 patients with LN, respectively. Baseline covariates were balanced after propensity score overlap weighting. The risks of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs; hazard ratio [HR] 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48\u20130.91), VTE (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24\u20130.97), kidney disease progression (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60\u20130.98), and all\u2010cause mortality (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10\u20130.68) were lower with GLP\u20101RA versus DPP4i use. GLP\u20101RA use was similarly associated with lower risks of MACE and kidney disease progression among patients with LN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found lower risks of adverse CV and kidney outcomes and mortality with GLP\u20101RA use compared with DPP4i use among patients with lupus and T2D.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/art43403-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T07:50:52Z","timestamp":1758786652000},"page":"665-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Glucagon\u2010Like Peptide\u20101 Receptor Agonist Use and the Risk of Adverse Cardiac and Kidney Outcomes Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6935-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"April","family":"Jorge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4253-0822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aakash V.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baijun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203320932219"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2024-001152"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00203-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403347"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03327-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv254"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01474-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42620"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2013.778270"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06762-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01949-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403347"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1148209"}],"container-title":["Arthritis &amp; 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