{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T12:23:25Z","timestamp":1773059005438,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32441099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32441099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7252143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7252143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z181100006218044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z181100006218044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z211100002121163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100002121163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis & Rheumatology"],"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic disabling autoimmune disease with high autoantibody production. However, approximately one\u2010third of patients with RA are autoantibodies\u2010negative lacking biomarkers. Antigen\u2010specific B cells are critical participants in RA pathogenesis by producing autoantibodies and driving inflammation and joint damage.\u00a0Nevertheless, the limited detection methods have impeded in\u2010depth studies on these cells. This study aimed to develop a novel probe to precisely recognize these cells and evaluate their diagnostic potential for RA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Autoantigen peptide\u20108\u2010arm polyethylene glycol (PEG; APP) \u2010 dyes, named APP\u2010dyes, were constructed by conjugating classical autoantigens with a multifunctional polymer material, eight\u2010arm PEG\u2010maleimide. The specificity and efficiency of APP\u2010dyes in detecting antigen\u2010specific B cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The pathogenicity of antigen\u2010specific B cells isolated by APP\u2010dyes was assessed through in vitro culture and adoptive transfer assays. The diagnostic value of APP\u2010dyes in distinguishing RA was also systemically examined.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The APP\u2010dyes could efficiently and specifically recognize antigen\u2010specific B cells in patients with RA, experimental arthritis mice, and spontaneous arthritis mice. Antigen\u2010specific B cells isolated by APP\u2010dyes were highly active in autoantibody secretion and arthritis initiation. The sensitivity and\/or specificity of mutated citrullinated vimentin\u2010specific B cells and citrullinated Type II collagen\u2013specific B cells identified by the APP\u2010dyes were 73.33% and\/or 92.5% and 60.00% and\/or 91.25% for RA diagnosis, respectively. Notably, these cells also showed substantial diagnostic performance in anti\u2013cyclic citrullinated peptide\u2014negative and early patients with RA. Moreover, combining antigen\u2010specific B cells with their corresponding autoantibodies further increased the diagnostic accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n These findings indicated APP\u2010dyes as an effective and clinically applicable tool for investigating the mechanisms underlying antigen\u2010specific B cells and distinguishing RA.<\/jats:p>\n \n \n \n image<\/jats:alt-text>\n <\/jats:graphic>\n <\/jats:boxed-text>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.70003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T10:11:04Z","timestamp":1764324664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autoantigen Peptide\u20108\u2010Arm Polyethylene Glycol\u2010Dyes Specifically Recognize Antigen\u2010Specific B Cells and Improve the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2131-6640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changrong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Xiamen China"},{"name":"Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2655-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lulu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology Peking University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaonan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuejiao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuanlin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology Peking University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danxue","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing 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Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"},{"name":"Peking\u2010Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1480-5427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingni","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaqun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Shougang Hospital Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Shougang Hospital Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianjie","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Shougang Hospital Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology Peking University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2383-8490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non\u2010invasive Diagnosis and Immunotherapy for Rheumatic Diseases Beijing China"},{"name":"Peking\u2010Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences 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