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Patients aged 15 years or older with AAV and a positive test for anti\u2013proteinase\u20103 or anti\u2010myeloperoxidase\u2010ANCA who achieved remission after reinduction with rituximab and glucocorticoids were randomized at month 4 to receive continued rituximab or azathioprine for a maintenance period up to 24 months, followed by observation until relapse or up to 48 months. Generalized estimating equations logistic regression identified baseline and time\u2010varying risk factors for relapse by the next visit for the two study phases: maintenance (months 4\u201324) and off\u2010treatment (months 24\u201348).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 170 patients (median [interquartile range] age 59 [48\u201368] years, disease duration 5 [2\u201310] years), 99 relapses occurred (46 during maintenance). During maintenance, musculoskeletal involvement (odds ratio [OR]: 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1\u20137.2;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.03) and higher patient global assessment (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0\u20131.2;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.04) were associated with relapse. During the off\u2010treatment phase, presence of CD19\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.2\u20135.1;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.01) and reappearance of ANCA (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.3\u20137.7;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.01) were each associated with higher relapse risk. Multivariable analysis identified markers of inflammation (changes in platelets, white blood cells, and IgA) associated with relapse.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Risk factors for relapse in AAV vary by treatment phase. Monitoring markers of inflammation and immune reconstitution may identify patients at risk for relapse, particularly after treatment withdrawal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.70025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T03:56:27Z","timestamp":1766116587000},"page":"1134-1144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Risk Factors for Relapse in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody\u2013Associated Vasculitis Among Patients With Relapse After Induction of Remission With Rituximab"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8233-4703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Romich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  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