{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:24:27Z","timestamp":1792002267981,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["THC\u2010135235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["THC\u2010135235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucagon\u2010like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP\u20101RAs) and sodium\u2010glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) facilitate weight loss and exhibit immunomodulatory effects, but their impact on the risk of developing autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) is unclear. We compared ARD incidence following initiation of GLP\u20101RAs or SGLT2i versus a weight\u2010neutral comparator (dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors [DPP4i]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a population\u2010based cohort study using administrative health data from a Canadian province with universal health care. We included adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and no prior ARD initiating a GLP\u20101RA, SGLT2i, or DPP4i between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2022. Incident ARD cases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic disease, axial spondyloarthritis, and systemic ARDs (SARDs; systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, Sj\u00f6gren disease, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, and systemic vasculitides), were identified using validated algorithms. Propensity score (PS) weighting was used to balance cohorts at treatment initiation. Then hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 229,300 adults, 49,514 initiated GLP\u20101RAs, 101,925 initiated SGLT2i, and 77,861 initiated DPP4i. After PS weighting, ARD incidence per 10,000 person\u2010years was 29.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 23.5\u201335.5) with GLP\u20101RAs, 24.4 (95% CI 19.8\u201329.7) with SGLT2i, and 27.3 (95% CI 22.1\u201333.4) with DPP4i. Mean follow\u2010up was 1.3 to 1.6 years. Relative to DPP4i, adjusted HRs (aHRs) of ARD were 1.04 (95% CI 0.81\u20131.33) with GLP\u20101RAs and 0.93 (95% CI 0.75\u20131.16) with SGLT2i. Risk of SARDs, but not other diseases, was lower with SGLT2i versus DPP4i (aHR 0.51 [95% CI 0.31\u20130.84]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neither GLP\u20101RA nor SGLT2i treatment was associated with increased or decreased ARD risk versus DPP4i in adults with T2D; however, SGLT2i use was associated with significantly lower risk of SARDs, warranting further study.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/art70044-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.70044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T08:02:26Z","timestamp":1767081746000},"page":"654-664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Glucagon\u2010Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium\u2010Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, and Risk of Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6597-0302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derin","family":"Karacabeyli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4065-4151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Lacaille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3328-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5526-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Antonio","family":"Avi\u00f1a\u2010Zubieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation.IDF diabetes atlas.2021. 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