{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T09:59:43Z","timestamp":1780999183816,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) are at risk for worse acute and post\u2013acute COVID\u201019 outcomes, though whether individuals with SARDs have longer persistence of viral antigens after COVID\u201019 has not been studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study evaluated post\u2013COVID\u201019 differences in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antigen (spike, spike protein that contains the receptor\u2010binding domain, and nucleocapsid) positivity between individuals with SARDs (COVID\u201019 and Rheumatic Diseases [RheumCARD]) and without SARDs (Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery [RECOVER]\u2013Adult). SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antigens were measured in collected samples using a validated ultrasensitive single molecule array. This digital enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay used antibody\u2010coated magnetic beads to capture antigen molecules, which were loaded into microwell arrays and detected through enzymatic cleavage of a fluorescent substrate. We used logistic regression to estimate unadjusted and adjusted (for age, sex, infection year, vaccination status, and COVID\u201019 treatment) odds ratios for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antigen positivity at months 3 and 6 following COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 210 individuals with SARDs in RheumCARD and 348 individuals without SARDs in RECOVER\u2010Adult, any SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antigen positivity was more common in those with SARDs (36.7% in RheumCARD vs 18.9% in RECOVER\u2010Adult;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Those with SARDs had higher odds of nucleocapsid antigen positivity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28\u201310.85) or any antigen positivity (aOR 2.89, 95% CI 1.43\u20135.85) three months after COVID\u201019 infection and higher odds of nucleocapsid antigen positivity (aOR 6.62, 95% CI 1.09\u201340.30) six months after COVID\u201019 infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with SARDs were more likely to have SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antigen positivity at months 3 and 6 following COVID\u201019 infection compared with individuals without SARDs, not explained by demographics, variant, vaccination, or treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.70205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T03:40:23Z","timestamp":1777347623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differences in\n                    <scp>SARS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 Antigen Persistence in Individuals With Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases Compared to the General Population: A\n                    <scp>RECOVER<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Adult Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6038-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi J.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Swank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Wyss Institute for Bioinspired Engineering Harvard University  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"O'Keeffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Negron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liya S.","family":"Getachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise L.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Wyss Institute for Bioinspired Engineering Harvard University  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alene A.","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin T.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0839-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen M. M.","family":"Vanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandria","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RECOVER Patient Representative  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie S.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RECOVER Community Representative  New York New York"},{"name":"MaskTogetherAmerica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary S.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Walt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Wyss Institute for Bioinspired Engineering Harvard University  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5556-4618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"RECOVER\u2010Adult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11386"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2023-1092"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00316-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02138-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac722"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead662"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223439"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M24-0737"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.24184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286297"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01796-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-005114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219498"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105420"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00211-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab465"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.018"}],"container-title":["Arthritis &amp; 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