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In this review, we synthesize current knowledge on diverse T cell subsets in axSpA, their pathogenic mechanisms, and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting these cells. We highlight conventional \u03b1\u03b2 T cell receptor\u2013expressing CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Th17 cells and Treg cells, and CD103\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD49a\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    tissue\u2010resident memory integrin\u2010expressing T cells in axSpA initiation and progression. Innate\u2010like T cell subsets, including \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, mucosal\u2010associated invariant T cells, and invariant natural killer T cells, along with innate lymphoid cells (though not T cells), contribute substantially via interlukin\u201017 (IL\u201017) production via IL\u201023, driving inflammation and tissue damage. We discuss a complex milieu of cytokines in T cell\u2013mediated inflammation, offering potential explanations for inefficacy of some cytokine inhibitors. We explore alternative drivers of inflammation and their implications for developing more effective therapies targeting T cells in axSpA, either directly via anti\u2010TRBV9 antibody therapy or JAK inhibition or indirectly by inhibiting mediators such as IL\u201017 and tumor necrosis factor. This complex interplay of T cell subsets in disease pathogenesis underscores the need for research to develop more targeted treatments, opening new avenues for personalized therapies and combination approaches that address multiple aspects of the inflammatory cascade in axSpA.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/art70221-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  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