{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T08:57:59Z","timestamp":1780995479723,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AR072583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AR072583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim of this study was to investigate whether exposure to mixture of individual fine particulate matter (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) chemical constituents is associated with incident systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and if ozone modifies this association and\/or is associated with SLE onset.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used MarketScan claims data to assemble a cohort of adults with at least two years\u2019 insurance coverage and no prior SLE diagnosis, with cohort entry defined as the first qualifying date. From this full cohort, we identified all people\u00a0with incident SLE and a 20% random sample, yielding a case\u2010cohort of 8.3 million people. Concentrations of ozone and seven PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      constituents (ammonium, black carbon, mineral dust, sulfate, nitrate, organic matter, and sea salt) were estimated at the core\u2010based statistical area\/metropolitan\u2010division level. Mean annual exposures for the two years before cohort entry were assigned to each person. Extended quantile g\u2010computation produced hazard ratios (HRs) for the PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      mixture and weights (ie, relative contributions to SLE onset) for individual constituents, adjusting for sex, age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, geographic region, and calendar year.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 21,485 people with newly diagnosed SLE. At the median ozone level (36.15 parts per billion [ppb]), each quartile increase of PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      mixture was associated with an HR of 1.14 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11\u20131.18) for SLE risk; mineral dust dominated this effect. Ozone was associated with SLE risk (HR 1.009 per 1 ppb, 95% CI 1.001\u20131.017). PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      's effect was particularly strong in settings of low ozone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrated how PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      constituents (especially mineral dust) and ozone are associated with SLE incidence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.70234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:08:43Z","timestamp":1780481323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fine Particulate Matter Constituents, Ozone, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Large General\u2010Population Cohort Analysis With Extended Quantile g\u2010Computation"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naizhuo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9515-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha","family":"Bernatsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6655-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Dowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEA Baptist Memorial Hospital  Jonesboro Arkansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7645-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany","family":"Banbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Sinai Beth Israel  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-8976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama"},{"name":"Foundation for Advancing Science, Technology Education and Research  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6043-7277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace C.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association of Women in Rheumatology, Grace C. Wright, MD, PC, Inc  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1811-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily E.","family":"Holladay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama"},{"name":"Foundation for Advancing Science, Technology Education and Research  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Mudano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Advancing Science, Technology Education and Research  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2109-0709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano S.","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4930-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gail S.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Washington DC"},{"name":"Georgetown University  Washington DC"},{"name":"Howard University College of Medicine  Washington DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.2315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002123"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2024-001385"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00235-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02149-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12050557"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-9105-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.8.612"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02403-2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5838"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13569"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"KeilAP.qgcompint: quantile g\u2010computation extensions for effect measure modification. rdrr.io. 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