{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:45:08Z","timestamp":1791967508555,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Little is known about the prevalence of and factors associated with Long COVID in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRDs).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the National Clinical Cohort Collaborative (N3C). We included adults with a first documented SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection between September 2021 and December 2023, with follow\u2010up through December 2024. Long COVID was defined as ICD\u201010\u2010CM code U09.9 or a Long COVID clinic visit occurring 28 to 365 days after first infection. We compared patients with AIRD with matched non\u2010AIRD controls using 1:1 nearest\u2010neighbor propensity score matching on age with exact matching on sex, race\/ethnicity, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variant\u2010dominant period, and data\u2010contributing organization. We estimated hazard ratios using multivariable Cox regression models. Among people with AIRD, we assessed risk by AIRD type and medication exposure before acute COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n In the matched cohort of 187,106 patients, Long COVID occurred in 2.8% of AIRD patients and 1.5% among non\u2010AIRD patients. In multivariable analyses, AIRD was associated with an increased risk of Long COVID compared with non\u2010AIRD patients (aHR 1.56, 95% CI 1.45\u20101.67). Among patients with AIRD, higher acute COVID\u201019 severity, pulmonary disease, obesity, and exposure to rituximab or glucocorticoids were associated with an increased risk of Long COVID. Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome was associated with a higher risk of Long COVID.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The higher risk of developing Long COVID among AIRD patients compared with those without AIRD underscores the need to identify potential risk factors for Long COVID in this population to minimize its long\u2010term effects.<\/jats:p>\n \n \n \n image<\/jats:alt-text>\n <\/jats:graphic>\n <\/jats:boxed-text>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.70361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:50:06Z","timestamp":1791964206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Higher risk of Long\n COVID<\/scp>\n among patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases and immunomodulatory therapy: a retrospective cohort analysis of national\n US<\/scp>\n data."],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7149-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namrata","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3212-7845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Jerrod","family":"Anzalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holland","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Londyn","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesley E.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA"},{"name":"Rheumatology, Birmingham VA Medical Center Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra E.","family":"Safo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics & Health Data Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Butzin\u2010Dozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics University of California Berkeley School of Public Health Berkeley CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaleb","family":"Michaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9246-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria I.","family":"Danila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA"},{"name":"Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham VA Medical Center Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3485-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasvinder A.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Service, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Blvd Houston TX 77030 USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge Street Houston TX 77030 USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine at the School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Shelby Building, Room 121 1825 University Boulevard Birmingham AL 35233 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena C.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the National Clinical Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"container-title":["Arthritis & Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/art.70361","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/art.70361","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:50:06Z","timestamp":1791964206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/art.70361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/art.70361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.70361","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2326-5191","2326-5205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2326-5191","type":"print"},{"value":"2326-5205","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"art.70361"}}