{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:18:18Z","timestamp":1792639098261,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]],"date-time":"2014-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Thiel\u2010fixed specimens have outstandingly lifelike visual and haptic properties. However, the original Thiel method is expensive and requires an elaborate setup. It is therefore of principal interest to modify the Thiel method in order to make it available to a broader user group. A modified Thiel embalming method will be described in detail and compared to ethanol\u2010glycerin fixation with the help of illustrative examples. The visual properties, haptic properties, the usability for performing histological investigations, costs and potential health aspects will be considered. Tissues fixed with the modified Thiel technique gave results similar to the original method, providing more realistic visual and haptic properties than ethanol\u2010glycerin embalming. However, Thiel fixation is significantly more expensive and requires more precautions to minimize potential health hazards than ethanol\u2010glycerin\u2010fixed tissues. In contrast to ethanol\u2010glycerin\u2010fixed specimens, the Thiel\u2010fixed specimens are not suitable for histological investigations. Both modes of fixation are inappropriate for biomechanical testing. Modified Thiel embalming simplifies the availability of body donors with lifelike properties and has cost\u2010saving advantages to the original technique. Thiel\u2010embalmed body donors are ideally suited for clinical workshops but have restrictions for student dissection courses in facilities with limited storage space, air circulation or technical staff. Vice versa, ethanol\u2010glycerin\u2010fixed body donors are well suited for student dissection courses in such an environment but are limited in their use for clinical workshops. Modified Thiel embalming therefore ideally complements ethanol\u2010glycerin fixation in order to provide customized solutions for clinical workshops and student dissection courses in a wide range of applications. Anat Sci Educ 8: 74\u201385. \u00a9 2014 American Association of Anatomists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]],"date-time":"2014-04-04T13:01:01Z","timestamp":1396616461000},"page":"74-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Comparison of modified thiel embalming and ethanol\u2010glycerin fixation in an anatomy environment: Potentials and limitations of two complementary techniques"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Niels","family":"Hammer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy University of Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"L\u00f6ffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy University of Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Bechmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy University of Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanno","family":"Steinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy University of Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"H\u00e4drich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine University of Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Feja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy University of Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2697(03)00194-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.5.296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700260106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"739","article-title":"Thiel method fixed cadaver ears","volume":"50","author":"Alberty J","year":"2002","journal-title":"A new procedure for graduate and continuing education in middle ear surgery. HNO"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Doctor in Dental Medicine Dissertation","author":"Anderssohn B","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"388","volume-title":"Water\u2010Related Death Investigation: Practical Methods and Forensic Applications","author":"Armstrong EJ","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.10046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-010-0703-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-009-0477-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-010-0705-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"314","article-title":"Der Formaldehyd als H\u00e4rtungsmittel","volume":"10","author":"Blum F","year":"1893","journal-title":"Z Wiss Mikrosk"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"718","article-title":"\u00dcber Wesen und Wert der Formolh\u00e4rtung","volume":"11","author":"Blum F","year":"1896","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000144954"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"The reproductive toxicity of boric acid","volume":"102","author":"Chapin RE","year":"1994","journal-title":"Envir Health Perspect"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.1992.9936310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/72.1.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1998.19230443.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(95)98135-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31803eab41"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22222"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17981-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092080214"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327110381682"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20585"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.10030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1270"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp416"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(05)70324-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70100-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2009.00230.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2010.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"A pilot study on ethanol\u2010polyethylene glycol\u2010formalin fixation of farm animal cadavers","volume":"124","author":"Janczyk P","year":"2011","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.12361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/104732201300367227"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2007.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890109604049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Untersuchungen zur Konservierung biologischen Materials unter dem Aspekt der Formaldehydreduzierung","volume":"38","author":"Kunz G","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pr\u00e4parator"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Formaldehyde concentration in the air and in cadavers at the gross anatomy laboratory in Hiroshima University","volume":"53","author":"Kurose T","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hiroshima J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"S92","article-title":"Formaldehyde exposure of medical students and instructors and clinical symptoms during gross anatomy laboratory in Thammasat University","volume":"93","author":"Lakchayapakorn K","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90072-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"1758","article-title":"Sind Pr\u00e4parier\u00fcbungen an der Leiche noch zeitgem\u00e4\u00df?","volume":"109","author":"Lippert H","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Anatomie au\u00dferhalb der studentischen Ausbildung","volume":"6","author":"L\u00f6ffler S","year":"2009","journal-title":"S\u00e4chsisches \u00c4rzteblatt"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/jcme.20130110114408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","unstructured":"LunnR JahnkeG SpencerD GarnerS AtwoodS CarterG EwensA GreenwoodD RatcliffeJ DesrosiersT et al.2010.Final report on carcinogens background document for formaldehyde. Rep Carcinog Backgr Doc2010:i\u2013512."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","first-page":"944","volume-title":"Surgical Procedures and Anesthetic Implications: A Handbook for Nurse Anesthesia Practice","author":"Macksey LF","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2012.07086.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700201z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","article-title":"Medizinstudium: Offene T\u00fcren eingerannt","volume":"109","author":"Neuhuber W","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","first-page":"A2146","volume":"109","author":"Ochs M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pr\u00e4parierkurs: Grundlage \u00e4rztlichen Handelns Dtsch Arztebl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1065\/espr2005.06.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2010.05454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198511000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Makroskopische Pr\u00e4parationstechnik: Leitfaden f\u00fcr das Sammeln, Pr\u00e4parieren und Konservieren","author":"Piechocki R","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1267"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Die Paraffinmethode f\u00fcr anatomische Sammlungspr\u00e4parate","volume":"98","author":"Rack E","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","first-page":"695","volume-title":"Mikroskopische Technik","author":"Romeis B","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","volume-title":"CARL Roth AG","author":"Roth","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10473220301424"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Master's of Science Dissertation","author":"Scribbans TD","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/ort.1965.36.suppl-83.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4293\/108680812X13462882735818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Levels of formaldehyde, phenol and ethanol in dissection room air and measures for reduction","volume":"54","author":"Shiraishi N","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jpn J Occup Med Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Die Verwendung von Isopropylalkohol statt \u00c4thylalkohol in der pathologisch\u2010anatomischen Technik","volume":"38","author":"Spranger H","year":"1926","journal-title":"Zbl Path Jena"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2011.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Formaldehyde concentrations in the breathing zone of medical students during gross anatomy laboratory in Toho University","volume":"82","author":"Takayanagi M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kaibogaku Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Formaldehyde exposure levels and exposure control measures during an anatomy dissecting course","volume":"78","author":"Tanaka K","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kaibogaku Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(11)80346-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(02)80121-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","first-page":"468","volume-title":"Odour Thresholds: Compilations of Odour Threshold Values in Air, Water and Other Media","author":"Gemert LJ","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670810016759"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","first-page":"266","article-title":"Occupational exposure to formaldehyde in autopsy room and in pathologic anatomy laboratories","volume":"29","author":"Vimercati L","year":"2007","journal-title":"G Ital Med Lav Ergon"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s13382-011-0004-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00772-011-0908-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Nitritp\u00f6kelsatz\u2010Ethanol\u2010Polyethylenglycol 400\u2010L\u00f6sung zur Fixierung und Konservierung von Organen und Tierk\u00f6rpern f\u00fcr Lehre und Forschung","volume":"57","author":"Weigner J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pr\u00e4parator"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200007000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000146816"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20484"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.05.012"}],"container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fase.1450","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ase.1450","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T19:42:03Z","timestamp":1759952523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ase.1450"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ase.1450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ase.1450","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-9772","1935-9780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-9772","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-9780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]]}}}