{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:59:11Z","timestamp":1788285551446,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Undergraduate Medical Education at the University of Calgary"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasonography is increasingly used in medical education, but its impact on learning outcomes is unclear. Adding ultrasound may facilitate learning, but may also potentially overwhelm novice learners. Based upon the framework of cognitive load theory, this study seeks to evaluate the relationship between cognitive load associated with using ultrasound and learning outcomes. The use of ultrasound was hypothesized to facilitate learning in anatomy for 161 novice first\u2010year medical students. Using linear regression analyses, the relationship between reported cognitive load on using ultrasound and learning outcomes as measured by anatomy laboratory examination scores four weeks after ultrasound\u2010guided anatomy training was evaluated in consenting students. Second anatomy examination scores of students who were taught anatomy with ultrasound were compared with historical controls (those not taught with ultrasound). Ultrasound's perceived utility for learning was measured on a five\u2010point scale. Cognitive load on using ultrasound was measured on a nine\u2010point scale. Primary outcome was the laboratory examination score (60 questions). Learners found ultrasound useful for learning. Weighted factor score on \u201cimage interpretation\u201d was negatively, but insignificantly, associated with examination scores [<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (1,135)\u2009=\u20090.28, beta\u2009=\u2009\u22120.22; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.61]. Weighted factor score on \u201cbasic knobology\u201d was positively and insignificantly associated with scores; [<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (1,138)\u2009=\u20090.27, beta\u2009=\u20090.42; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.60]. Cohorts exposed to ultrasound had significantly higher scores than historical controls (82.4%\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD 8.6% vs. 78.8%\u2009\u00b1\u20098.5%, Cohen's <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.41, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Using ultrasound to teach anatomy does not negatively impact learning and may improve learning outcomes. Anat Sci Educ 10: 144\u2013151. \u00a9 2016 American Association of Anatomists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T11:52:42Z","timestamp":1471434762000},"page":"144-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Cognitive load imposed by ultrasound\u2010facilitated teaching does not adversely affect gross anatomy learning outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Heather A.","family":"Jamniczky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Undergraduate Medical Education Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrel","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Paget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Medical Education Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qahir","family":"Ramji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Medical Education Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Coderre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Medical Education Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene W.Y.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Medical Education Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Ward of the 21st Century (W21C), University of Calgary\/Calgary Zone of Alberta Health Services Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Office of Health and Medical Education Scholarship Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"64","volume-title":"American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 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