{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:29:16Z","timestamp":1773008956411,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the past decades, biomedical education has changed considerably, mostly by the introduction of novel didactic strategies, as well as the addition of technology. As a consequence, the centuries\u2010old lecture\u2010style presentation has come under criticism for providing only a one\u2010directional transfer of information. However, the delivery of traditional lectures has also seen considerable changes such as the use of Microsoft PowerPoint slides which can be projected and serve as lecture handouts to learners. Electronic technologies and the internet now allow for the permanent recording of lectures and the distribution of video recordings to students who are unable or choose not to attend lectures in person. This off\u2010site consumption of lecture presentations can either be synchronous or, if the recorded videos are made available online, asynchronous. At the beginning of the Covid\u201019 pandemic, most schools were forced to change all lecture\u2010style instruction to an online format. With students returning to classroom teaching, schools, and educators have to make a decision whether to offer online lecture recordings permanently, reintroduce in\u2010person lecture presentations, or compromise on a combination of both. Each solution has its own advantages and disadvantages, some of which are discussed in this article. However, there appears to be no single \u2018best solution\u2019 to serve all learners, educators, and educational needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T07:39:20Z","timestamp":1669880360000},"page":"189-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The freedom to teach (at the best)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3750-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hortsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Learning Health Sciences University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9309-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krista","family":"Rompolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Physical Therapy Program Moravian University  Bethlehem Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"600","volume-title":"The universities of Europe in the middle ages. Volume 1: Salerno, Bologna, Paris","author":"Rashdall H","year":"1895"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"332","volume-title":"The universities of Europe in the middle ages. Volume 2, Part 1: Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Scotland, etc","author":"Rashdall H","year":"1895"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"548","volume-title":"The universities of Europe in the middle ages. Volume 2, Part 2: English universities, student life","author":"Rashdall H","year":"1895"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1803"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-020-00953-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1201\/9781498705851","volume-title":"The art and science of lecture demonstration","author":"Taylor CA","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2088"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300013648"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110201550.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-4446.12037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3108\/beej.2003.02000004","article-title":"The use and abuse of PowerPoint in teaching and learning in the life sciences: a personal overview","volume":"2","author":"Jones AM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosci Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03341688"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mededu.9091"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25304\/rlt.v26.2038"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8535.00064"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Challenges in repurposing single\u2010campus courses to multi\u2010campus settings","volume":"3","author":"Hjelsvold R","year":"2019","journal-title":"L\u00e6rin"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2013.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31818c6902"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1754"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1396"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.10.1181"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12816"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1449"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1706052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/rlt.v20i0.17299"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-020-00563-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712445064"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14434\/jotlt.v3n2.12853"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00986280701700391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21240\/mpaed\/24\/2014.09.30.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1168927"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87567555.1993.9926781"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2224"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-43283-6_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1772"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2022.151952"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.profnurs.2022.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-016-0014-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1460"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.257"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2020.1813268"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821936116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-021-01363-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-018-0101-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2020.1789083"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003313"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10401334.2021.1891543"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2222"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2162"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2020-00084"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1240-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02811-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2009.03602.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248758"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03579-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243958"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2021.151718"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55729\/2000-9666.1082"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20009666.2021.1918475"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.589669"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22219"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.10544"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12448"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-43283-6_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/014215900409429"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31820cb28a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Teacher\u2010student contact: exploring a basic but complicated concept","volume":"40","author":"Korthagen FAJ","year":"2014","journal-title":"Teach Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","volume-title":"TED ideas worth spreading","author":"Technology, Entertainment and Design","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17404622.2013.839047"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000071"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.08-02-0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46504\/11201603da"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00405841.2016.1148989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","first-page":"JC01","article-title":"Formative assessment classroom techniques (FACTs) for better learning in pre\u2010clinical medical education: a controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Srivastava T","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/EC.39.2.d"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00075.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-015-0171-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-020-02615-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2159"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-021-01459-9"}],"container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ase.2240","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ase.2240","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ase.2240","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T18:19:13Z","timestamp":1759947553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ase.2240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ase.2240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ase.2240","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-9772","1935-9780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-9772","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-9780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}