{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:13:36Z","timestamp":1790730816854,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Medical illustration, which involves the creation of visual representations of anatomy, has long been an essential tool for medical professionals and educators. The integration of AI and medical illustration has the potential to revolutionize the field of anatomy education, providing highly accurate, customizable images. The authors evaluated three AI\u2010powered text\u2010to\u2010image generators in producing anatomical illustrations of the human skulls, heart, and brain. The generators were assessed for their accurate depiction of foramina, suture lines, coronary arteries, aortic and pulmonary trunk branching, gyri, sulci, and the relationship between the cerebellum and temporal lobes. None of the generators produced illustrations with comprehensive anatomical details. Foramina, such as the mental and supraorbital foramina, were frequently omitted, and suture lines were inaccurately represented. The illustrations of the heart failed to indicate proper coronary artery origins, and the branching of the aorta and pulmonary trunk was often incorrect. Brain illustrations lacked accurate gyri and sulci depiction, and the relationship between the cerebellum and temporal lobes remained unclear. Although AI generators tended toward esoteric imagery, they exhibited significant speed and cost advantages over human illustrators. However, improving their accuracy necessitates augmenting the training databases with anatomically correct images. The study emphasizes the ongoing role of human medical illustrators, especially in ensuring the provision of accurate and accessible illustrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T05:53:19Z","timestamp":1694411599000},"page":"979-983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Evaluating AI\u2010powered text\u2010to\u2010image generators for anatomical illustration: A comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2192-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffroy P. J. C.","family":"Noel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery University of California, San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"Division of Anatomical Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology McGill University  Montreal Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Medicine McGill University  Montreal Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114209","article-title":"Teaching, learning and assessing anatomy with artificial intelligence: the road to a better future","volume":"19","author":"Abdellatif H","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"The devil is in the details: developing a modern methodology for detailed medical illustrations","volume":"44","author":"Adams EM","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/43110","article-title":"What does DALL\u2010E 2 know about radiology?","volume":"25","author":"Adams LC","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24074"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1936","article-title":"Artificial intelligence or natural stupidity? Deep learning or superficial teaching?","volume":"13","author":"Chan LK","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1479","article-title":"Evolution of illustrations in anatomy: a study from the classical period in Europe to modern times","volume":"8","author":"Ghosh SK","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2266"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2221"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-019-02280-1","article-title":"Is Wikipedia a complete and accurate source for musculoskeletal anatomy?","volume":"41","author":"London DA","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2261"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-023-01998-2","article-title":"The role of an open artificial intelligence platform in modern neurosurgical education: a preliminary study","volume":"46","author":"Sevgi UT","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.109717","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in ultrasound","volume":"139","author":"Shen YT","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in higher education: ChatGPT assessment for anatomy course","volume":"7","author":"Talan T","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Manage Inform Syst Comput Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/17453054.2019.1657771","article-title":"Investigating the supply and use of medical photographs in medical education","volume":"42","author":"Tomlinson\u2010Leah K","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14131","article-title":"Where medical education meets artificial intelligence: \u2018does technology care?\u2019","volume":"55","author":"Niet AG","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.220297","article-title":"Artificial intelligence\u2010based text\u2010to\u2010image generation of cardiac CT","volume":"5","author":"Williams MC","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging"}],"container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ase.2336","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:44:34Z","timestamp":1759941874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ase.2336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ase.2336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ase.2336","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-9772","1935-9780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-9772","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-9780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}