{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:31:22Z","timestamp":1790202682880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anatomical education is pivotal for medical students, and innovative technologies like augmented reality (AR) are transforming the field. This study aimed to enhance the interactive features of the <jats:italic>AEducAR<\/jats:italic> prototype, an AR tool developed by the University of Bologna, and explore its impact on human anatomy learning process in 130\u2009second\u2010year medical students at the International School of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Bologna. An interdisciplinary team of anatomists, maxillofacial surgeons, biomedical engineers, and educational scientists collaborated to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the study's objectives. Students used the updated version of <jats:italic>AEducAR<\/jats:italic>, named <jats:italic>AEducAR 2.0<\/jats:italic>, to study three anatomical topics, specifically the orbit zone, facial bones, and mimic muscles. <jats:italic>AEducAR 2.0<\/jats:italic> offered two learning activities: one explorative and one interactive. Following each activity, students took a test to assess learning outcomes. Students also completed an anonymous questionnaire to provide background information and offer their perceptions of the activity. Additionally, 10 students participated in interviews for further insights. The results demonstrated that <jats:italic>AEducAR 2.0<\/jats:italic> effectively facilitated learning and students' engagement. Students totalized high scores in both quizzes and declared to have appreciated the interactive features that were implemented. Moreover, interviews shed light on the interesting topic of blended learning. In particular, the present study suggests that incorporating AR into medical education alongside traditional methods might prove advantageous for students' academic and future professional endeavors. In this light, this study contributes to the growing research emphasizing the potential role of AR in shaping the future of medical education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T03:23:55Z","timestamp":1711164235000},"page":"693-711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Dissecting human anatomy learning process through anatomical education with augmented reality: <i>AEducAR 2.0<\/i>, an updated interdisciplinary study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8251-0893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Neri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Center, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Cercenelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eDIMES Lab\u2010Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Marcuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Science \u201cGiovanni Maria Bertin\u201d University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Lodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Center, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foteini\u2010Dionysia","family":"Koufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Center, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonietta","family":"Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Center, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Vittoria","family":"Marvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Center, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Marcelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eDIMES Lab\u2010Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Billi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Center, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Ruggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Center, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achille","family":"Tarsitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"},{"name":"Department of Maxillo\u2010Facial Surgery IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria di Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Manzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Center, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9833-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Badiali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"},{"name":"Department of Maxillo\u2010Facial Surgery IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria di Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-5345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Ratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Center, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2010.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-021-02875-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-021-02868-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23655"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"e81","article-title":"Augmented reality in medical education: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Tang KS","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Med Educ J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-018-0122-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100348"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-018-0301-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.2020036911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2022.111083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.974021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2021.151786"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1696"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2021.100429"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2020.151463"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2018.0150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S249891"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2021.1953953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1858"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1585"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","volume-title":"A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: a revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives: complete edition","author":"Anderson LW","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010398"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2004.03.016"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Impact of learning strategies and motivation on performance: a study in web\u2010based instruction","volume":"28","author":"Sankaran SR","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03075070802528288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","volume-title":"The A\u2010Z of social research: a dictionary of key social science research concepts","author":"Brewer JD","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Strategies for qualitative inquiry","author":"Charmaz K","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-3972-7_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-020-00140-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22187059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2017.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-020-01064-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/29080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-022-09957-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/30082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94721-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24093\/awej\/vol10no3.27"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"The role of attention in learning in the digital age","volume":"92","author":"Lodge JM","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Does physical classroom environment affect student performance, student satisfaction, and student evaluation of teaching in the college environment?","volume":"14","author":"Hill MC","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allied Academies International Conference Academy of Educational Leadership Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","volume-title":"Fundamentals of item response theory","author":"Hambleton RK","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1462-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071964"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1807"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1929"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-76951-2_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1905"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2022-0016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2232"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CEH.0000000000000455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42492-020-00057-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.582191"}],"container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ase.2389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T17:47:52Z","timestamp":1759945672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ase.2389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ase.2389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ase.2389","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-9772","1935-9780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-9772","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-9780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}