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The lack of anatomical knowledge and understanding can hinder time to access healthcare, quality of care, and treatment outcomes. The current study investigated the anatomical knowledge among Namibian children by comparing 8 school grades\u20144 to 12, which covers children from the ages of 9 to 18\u2009years old, with a total of 481 participants from 5 schools located across various areas of Namibia. All structures showed an increase in the correct responses with an increase of age except for the stomach. Structures within the abdomen were most poorly answered, with the spleen (8.8%), adrenals (9.8%), gallbladder (11.9%), and pancreas (12.1%). Structures were then grouped into functional systems and a multiple logistic regression model was used to ascertain knowledge level compared with grade 4 (the earliest year of education) and girls as reference. Knowledge improved significantly across multiple increasing school grades. Students demonstrated the best increase in performance in muscular, endocrine, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems, respectively\u2014with 2 schools outperforming the rest. Analysis of the percentage of structures correctly located by boys and girls showed that girls outscored boys on average, in 15 of the structures. This is the first study to look specifically at the anatomical knowledge of children in both a primary and secondary educational setting, and the first that considers learners in Africa. The study provides evidence into the need for improved health education and promotion and its benefits in school children and their anatomical knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.70164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T04:09:21Z","timestamp":1764648561000},"page":"466-478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The anatomical knowledge of Namibian school children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4084-0456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine Lancaster University  Lancaster UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7753-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lojandrie","family":"Kirsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, School of Medicine University of Namibia  Windhoek Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9271-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Sedda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine Lancaster University  Lancaster UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8539-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quenton","family":"Wessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, School of Medicine University of Namibia  Windhoek Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"262","article-title":"Children's knowledge of internal anatomy: conceptual orientation and review of research","volume":"7","author":"Jones EG","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929053467587"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0037-976X.2004.00287.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2318"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.284.6328.1545"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-021-04727-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5704.286"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491012500602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015 Informed Consent and Health Literacy: Workshop Summary","author":"Aldoory L","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"Deaths registered in England and Wales: 2022","author":"Loes Charlton BB","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Leading causes of all deaths","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276221087672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11040387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2010.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9081131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10567879221097074"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"BanikKFN.2014[cited 2025]. 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