{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:36:38Z","timestamp":1791398198317,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Ed"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neuroimaging plays a central role in modern neuroanatomy education and neurological diagnosis, yet its roots trace back to the foundational era of X\u2010ray technology. This article examines the historical trajectory of early X\u2010ray methods, with particular focus on the pioneering, though often overlooked, contributions of Johann Puluj. Although early X\u2010rays could not image the brain or spinal cord, they enabled detailed imaging of the skull and vertebral column, structures essential to neuroanatomical understanding. Puluj's innovations, including the use of an inclined anticathode, led to high\u2010quality skeletal radiographs, such as the first published full\u2010body X\u2010ray of a stillborn infant taken on February 2, 1896, and published in the Prague newspaper on February 11 and in a British professional journal in April of the same year. These images laid the groundwork for radiographic anatomy and served as early teaching tools in medical education. By correlating skeletal changes with neurological conditions such as increased intracranial pressure, neurofibromatosis, or congenital malformations, plain radiographs established the early logic of clinical neuroimaging. The conceptual frameworks they introduced for understanding neuroanatomy, for teaching its principles, and for applying them in clinical practice were subsequently expanded by the advent of more advanced dynamic radiographic techniques. Recognizing Puluj's pioneering contributions to the history of X\u2010ray discovery not only restores accuracy to the scientific record but also emphasizes the lasting educational significance of early imaging practices. This study highlights the importance of incorporating historical perspectives into neuroanatomy curricula to enrich learners' appreciation of modern imaging techniques and their foundational origins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.70208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:56:13Z","timestamp":1773809773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The origins of neuroimaging and Johann Puluj: Early X\u2010rays and the foundations of radiographic neuroanatomy"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7360-8111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uliana","family":"Pidvalna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Normal Anatomy Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University  Lviv Ukraine"},{"name":"Department of Computed Tomography Ukrainian\u2010Polish Heart Center Lviv  Lviv Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9229-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ukrainian Alliance for Medical Exchange and Development (UA\u2010MED)  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2619-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nataliya","family":"Kovalchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4194-517X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmytro","family":"Beshley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery Lviv Regional Clinical Hospital  Lviv Ukraine"},{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology Ukrainian\u2010Polish Heart Center Lviv  Lviv Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3081-2774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Plyatsko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pidstryhach Institute for Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine  Lviv Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000170","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the brain\u201450\u2009years of innovation, with a focus on the future","volume":"50","author":"Runge VM","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig Radiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.33145\/2304-8336-2024-29-473-481","article-title":"Integrating radiological imaging techniques into anatomy education: medical training enhancemant through early CT and MRI teaching","volume":"29","author":"Pidvalna U","year":"2024","journal-title":"Probl Radiats Med Radiobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkaf007","article-title":"Advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging\u2010based brain function mapping: a deep learning perspective","volume":"27","author":"Zhao L","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychoradiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0643-0","article-title":"Radiological review of skull lesions","volume":"9","author":"Gomez CK","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1227491","article-title":"Brain disease research based on functional magnetic resonance imaging data and machine learning: a review","volume":"17","author":"Teng J","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2022.12.002","article-title":"Claims of priority\u2014the scientific path to the discovery of X\u2010rays","volume":"33","author":"Busch U","year":"2023","journal-title":"Z Med Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"228","article-title":"\u00dcber die Entstehung der R\u00f6ntgen\u2018schen Strahlen und ihre photographische Wirkung. 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