{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:36:38Z","timestamp":1791398198253,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024300","name":"Colorado Department of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three\u2010dimensional (3D) printing technology has transformed anatomy education by enabling students to visualize complex spatial relationships through interactive tactile learning. This technology is particularly valuable for neuroanatomy education, widely regarded as one of the most spatially challenging subjects in health professions curricula where form\u2010function relationships are far less intuitive than other systems. Traditionally, neuroanatomy education has relied on intact donor brains for dissection and commercial neuroanatomical models. However, many institutions lack access to body donor programs that provide whole human brains, and vendor\u2010supplied plastic models can be prohibitively expensive for some institutions. 3D printing addresses both challenges by enabling educators to create accurate, customized neuroanatomical models at a fraction of commercial costs. Despite this significant potential, implementation of 3D\u2010printed models in neuroanatomy curricula remains limited. Anatomy educators face substantial barriers when adopting 3D printing technologies, including sourcing ethically appropriate digital data, selecting suitable printing equipment, choosing the best printing medium (e.g., plastic vs. resin), and effectively integrating these learning aids into existing curricula. To address these challenges, this discursive article provides comprehensive guidance on 3D printing for neuroanatomy education. We examine the pedagogical motivations and methodologies for creating 3D\u2010printed brain models, and we evaluate 3D printing options across multiple domains: cost\u2010effectiveness, required technical expertise, material properties, software accessibility, and model complexity. Through this analysis, we aim to enhance accessibility and knowledge of 3D printing technologies, ultimately supporting broader adoption of this powerful educational tool among anatomy educators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.70258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T08:56:18Z","timestamp":1778921778000},"page":"1333-1349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Next generation open access visualization of neuroanatomy through\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    modeling and\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    printing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"James P.","family":"Lister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7158-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Cale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, &amp; Physiology Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zach D.","family":"Stetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Human Anatomy Program, Department of Cell &amp; Developmental Biology University of Colorado Anschutz  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie E.","family":"Cronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Human Anatomy Program, Department of Cell &amp; Developmental Biology University of Colorado Anschutz  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Human Anatomy Program, Department of Cell &amp; Developmental Biology University of Colorado Anschutz  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Stratford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7141-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul G.","family":"McMenamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Neuroecology Group, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment La Trobe University  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2159-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen E.","family":"Stabio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Human Anatomy Program, Department of Cell &amp; Developmental Biology University of Colorado Anschutz  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"The place of neuroanatomy in the curriculum","volume":"19","author":"Moxham BJ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.5.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1994.00540160018003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_371_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01911.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-10-49"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06303-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-025-00277-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2006.02625.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1485884"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1998.19230443.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","article-title":"Postmortem changes in brain cell structure: a review","volume":"4","author":"Krassner MM","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Neuropathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2023.1200196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0799-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08214-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13614533.2020.1749093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1573"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2018.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-020-02470-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02242-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-020-00990-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","volume-title":"Innovative educational three\u2010dimensional model of the human brainstem: enhancing neuroanatomy learning for medical students","author":"Homayoun M","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0254-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000001675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-025-03332-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-24-2301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2349"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","volume-title":"3D printing research at EPA [Overviews and factsheets]","author":"US EPA","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","volume-title":"To understand is to invent: the future of education","author":"Piaget J","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"Mind in society: development of higher psychological processes","author":"Vygotsky LS","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3801_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","volume-title":"Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning","author":"Rose DH","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","article-title":"Qualitative evaluation of the use of 3D\u2010printed anatomical parts for studying neuroanatomy","volume":"12","author":"Oliveira Aurich JH","year":"2025","journal-title":"OA Lib"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","volume-title":"A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: a revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives: complete edition","author":"Anderson LW","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","article-title":"Training basics: how Bloom's cognitive taxonomy can focus your training","author":"Wood DH","year":"2023","journal-title":"LTEN Focus Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.13440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1475"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20565623.2024.2381956"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","article-title":"Designing a 3D printed model of the skull\u2010base: a collaboration between clinicians and industry","volume":"9","author":"Saleh Y","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Educat Curri Develop"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sftr.2025.101594"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2015.2567"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/designs8030051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2020.01.030"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","first-page":"704","article-title":"Medical applications for 3D printing: current and projected uses","volume":"39","author":"Ventola CL","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.3.PEDS14677"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","volume-title":"Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development","author":"Kolb DA","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2013.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hest.2025.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3290\/j.ijcd.b6329209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imed.2021.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","article-title":"AI can draw hands now. That's bad news for deep\u2010fakes","author":"Verma P","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wash Post"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"3D dead: ethical considerations in digital human osteology","volume":"4","author":"Schug GR","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioarchaeol Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","volume-title":"Terms & conditions","author":"Cults 3D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","volume-title":"Terms of use","author":"Thingiverse"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","volume-title":"About cults","author":"Cults 3D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1851"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2483"}],"container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ase.70258","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ase.70258","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ase.70258","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T17:39:27Z","timestamp":1785951567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ase.70258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ase.70258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ase.70258","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-9772","1935-9780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-9772","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-9780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}