{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T04:46:37Z","timestamp":1791693997674,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Congenital heart disease challenges spatial understanding. 3D printed cardiac models are increasingly used, but randomized quantitative evidence remains limited. This review and meta\u2010analysis evaluated their effectiveness for teaching congenital heart anatomy. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched through November 12, 2025. RCTs comparing 3D\u2010printed cardiac models with conventional instruction were included. The primary outcome was objective knowledge performance. SMDs were pooled using random\u2010effects REML models. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2 and the certainty of evidence evaluated with GRADE. Six RCTs met the inclusion criteria; five RCTs (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009228 participants) contributed data to the primary meta\u2010analysis. The use of 3D\u2010printed cardiac models significantly improved objective post\u2010intervention knowledge performance compared with conventional instructional methods (SMD\u2009=\u20090.62; 95% CI, 0.21\u20131.02;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.003;\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200953.2%), corresponding to a moderate effect size according to Cohen's conventional interpretation. Because of the small number of eligible trials, subgroup analyses were not interpreted as confirmatory, and subjective educational outcomes were summarized cautiously rather than used to support the primary conclusion. The certainty of evidence for objective knowledge performance was rated as moderate using the GRADE approach, mainly due to risk\u2010of\u2010bias concerns and imprecision. The use of 3D\u2010printed cardiac models was associated with moderate improvements in objective learning of congenital heart anatomy compared with conventional teaching approaches. However, the small evidence base, methodological limitations, and short\u2010term nature of most assessments support a cautious interpretation. These models may be considered adjunctive educational tools, but larger randomized trials using standardized outcomes and longitudinal follow\u2010up are needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ase70293-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.70293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T04:51:26Z","timestamp":1782535886000},"page":"1697-1708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness of three\u2010dimensional printed cardiac models in teaching congenital heart anatomy: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Gabriel Ant\u00f4nio Ferreira","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department, School of Medical and Life Sciences Pontifical Catholic University of Goi\u00e1s  Goi\u00e2nia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1751-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f4nio da Silva Menezes","family":"J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department, School of Medical and Life Sciences Pontifical Catholic University of Goi\u00e1s  Goi\u00e2nia Brazil"},{"name":"Medical Department, Medical Faculty Federal University of Goi\u00e1s  Goi\u00e2nia 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