{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T11:21:09Z","timestamp":1787656869053,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Ed"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Body painting (BP) is a well\u2010established active learning strategy in anatomy education that promotes engagement and spatial understanding of surface anatomy. However, it is time\u2010intensive and may disadvantage students with limited artistic confidence. Temporary tattoos (TT) may offer a faster, standardized alternative. An intensive undergraduate anatomy course included four weekly surface anatomy sessions (face\/neck, arm\/forearm, hand, leg). Participants were randomly assigned to BP or TT for each session and participated in both modalities twice. Quiz scores and time\u2010on\u2010task were recorded after each session. Control scores were derived from regions not associated with either modality. Statistical analyses included Friedman tests and Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank tests. Per\u2010participant costs were calculated for both modalities. Learning condition significantly affected quiz performance (\n                    <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2)\u2009=\u20096.595,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.037). Median scores were 78% [IQR: 72\u201384] for control regions, 85% [80\u201389] for BP, and 84% [79\u201388] for TT. Both BP and TT significantly outperformed control regions (\u0394BP,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001; \u0394TT,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.019). Absolute quiz scores did not differ between BP and TT (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.657), but TT yielded significantly larger relative gains within\u2010subjects (\u0394TT\u2009\u2212\u2009\u0394BP,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). BP required more time than TT (26.5 vs. 15.0\u2009min;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Per\u2010participant costs were comparable (BP: USD$8.92; TT: USD$9.64). Both modalities enhanced surface anatomy learning. TT produced larger relative gains while requiring less time, suggesting a more time\u2010efficient alternative to BP without compromising learning outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.70337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:42:43Z","timestamp":1787654563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Painting or tattooing? A comparative study of body painting and temporary tattoos for learning surface anatomy in an intensive undergraduate anatomy course"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2192-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffroy P. J. C.","family":"Noel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery University of California San Diego School of Medicine  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Tran\u2010Heflinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery University of California San Diego School of Medicine  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.70137"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2262"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670\u2010021\u201001376\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-47483-6_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2334"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.10049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2012\/4700.2370"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1943"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S142212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1698"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/meo.v21.30833"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13082304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.590"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2018.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2010.507708"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.12048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181a84446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.morpho.2015.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2018.51.1.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1807"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/JPMA.34788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1929"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.70156"}],"container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ase.70337","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ase.70337","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ase.70337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:42:44Z","timestamp":1787654564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ase.70337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ase.70337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ase.70337","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-9772","1935-9780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-9772","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-9780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ase.70337"}}