{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:50:36Z","timestamp":1791521436110,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anatomical Sciences Ed"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The integration of three\u2010dimensional (3D) and augmented reality (AR) technologies into anatomy education facilitates broader access to anatomical content and enhances learner motivation and cognitive engagement by enabling interactive, spatially rich exploration of complex structures. However, high costs, technical complexity, and restricted access to specialized imaging equipment and software often hinder adoption of these digital anatomy tools. This study aimed to develop a smartphone\u2010LiDAR\u2010assisted photogrammetry workflow for generating low\u2010cost, accessible and realistic 3D models for anatomy education. A canine femur was digitized following a streamlined workflow that included specimen preparation, LIDAR\u2010assisted image acquisition using a smartphone, photogrammetric reconstruction, and hosting of the resulting model in 3D web and AR format in an online learning management system platform called\n                    <jats:italic>Clon Digital<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The anatomical plausibility of the generated model was assessed through a rubric\u2010based expert review conducted by seven independent veterinary anatomy lecturers, focusing on morphology, anatomical landmarks, surface detail, and overall reconstruction quality. Subsequently, the educational usability and user experience of the model was analyzed through a multidimensional perception survey completed by veterinary students and lecturers (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009141). The survey focused on anatomical fidelity, educational value, self\u2010learning potential, user interface, and engagement. Participants reported high satisfaction across all domains while identifying minor technical limitations. These findings indicate that smartphone\u2010based LiDAR\u2010assisted photogrammetry can generate and distribute 3D\u2010AR models using an accessible workflow for educational use. This workflow offers an ethical, cost\u2010effective, and scalable complement that supports the integration of immersive digital anatomy resources in anatomical education.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.70369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:28:07Z","timestamp":1791520087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a cost\u2010effective\n                    <scp>LiDAR<\/scp>\n                    \u2010assisted photogrammetry workflow for high resolution\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>AR<\/scp>\n                    anatomical modeling"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5484-4864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Cardenal Herrera\u2010CEU, CEU Universities  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2329-0808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireia","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Rosell\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Cardenal Herrera\u2010CEU, CEU Universities  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6162-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christelle","family":"de Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Cardenal Herrera\u2010CEU, CEU Universities  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8850-040X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Zoe Hern\u00e1ndez","family":"Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Cardenal Herrera\u2010CEU, CEU Universities  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4138-9852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Manzanares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Cardenal Herrera\u2010CEU, CEU Universities  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1649","article-title":"Cadaveric dissection as an educational tool for anatomical sciences in the 21st century","volume":"10","author":"Ghosh SK","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.720740","article-title":"The past, present, and future: a discussion of cadaver use in medical and veterinary education","volume":"8","author":"Varner C","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010114","article-title":"The educational efficacy of humane teaching methods: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"11","author":"Zemanova MA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.34.2.172","article-title":"How useful is plastination in learning anatomy?","volume":"34","author":"Latorre RM","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12056","article-title":"Plastination and its importance in teaching anatomy. Critical points for long\u2010term preservation of human tissue","volume":"224","author":"Riederer BM","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"3D printing AS a tool in anatomy teaching: an integrative review","volume":"10","author":"Barreto JEF","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Innov Educ Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D models and sketchfab platform as a new tool in veterinary anatomy education","volume":"2","author":"Bejdi\u0107 P","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.03.015","article-title":"Development of a three\u2010dimensional computer model of the canine pelvic limb including cruciate ligaments to simulate movement","volume":"136","author":"Meise HF","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03581-7","article-title":"Standardizing evaluation of patient\u2010specific 3D printed models in surgical planning: development of a cross\u2010disciplinary survey tool for physician and trainee feedback","volume":"22","author":"Schlegel L","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14010034","article-title":"Learning dogfish shark anatomy using 3D\u2010printed models: a feasibility study","volume":"14","author":"Abel A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04744-w","article-title":"3D printing as a pedagogical tool for teaching normal human anatomy: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Brumpt E","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1537","article-title":"Stereoscopic vascular models of the head and neck: a computed tomography angiography visualization","volume":"9","author":"Cui D","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1573","article-title":"Use of 3D printed models in medical education: a randomized control trial comparing 3D prints versus cadaveric materials for learning external cardiac anatomy","volume":"9","author":"Lim KHA","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-019-1238-0","article-title":"Evaluation of the applicability of 3d models as perceived by the students of health sciences","volume":"43","author":"Lozano MTU","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci15030355","article-title":"Veterinary students' assessment of 3D anatomical prints as new teaching material in practical veterinary anatomy classes","volume":"15","author":"Mart\u00ednez ED","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12502","article-title":"3D printing for veterinary anatomy: an overview","volume":"48","author":"Wilhite R","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2403","article-title":"Three\u2010dimensional modeling in anatomy\u2014tool or terror?","volume":"17","author":"Alexander SM","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1890","article-title":"How can we show you, if you can't see it? Trialing the use of an interactive three\u2010dimensional micro\u2010CT model in medical education","volume":"13","author":"O'Rourke JC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243517","article-title":"State of the art and future prospects of virtual and augmented reality in veterinary medicine: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Aghapour M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195866","article-title":"Proof of concept of a workflow methodology for the creation of basic canine head anatomy veterinary education tool using augmented reality","volume":"13","author":"Christ R","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-021-01260-8","article-title":"Is augmented reality the new way for teaching and learning veterinary cardiac anatomy?","volume":"31","author":"Little WB","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2155","article-title":"Scoping review: the use of augmented reality in clinical anatomical education and its assessment tools","volume":"15","author":"McBain KA","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1696","article-title":"The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy","volume":"10","author":"Moro C","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000006012","article-title":"Using hologram\u2010based augmented reality in anatomy learning: the TEACHANATOMY randomized trial","volume":"100","author":"Zingg L","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acad 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Smartphone\u2010based breast assessment","volume":"14","author":"Chrobot N","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app15042001","article-title":"A Mobile LiDAR\u2010based deep learning approach for real\u2010time 3D body measurement","volume":"15","author":"Jeong Y","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226678","article-title":"Comparative accuracy of stationary and smartphone\u2010based photogrammetry in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a clinical study","volume":"13","author":"Seifert LB","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12186042","article-title":"Smartphone\u2010based LiDAR application for easy and accurate wound size measurement","volume":"12","author":"Song B","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin 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