{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T15:57:56Z","timestamp":1761580676059,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,23]],"date-time":"2009-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chemistry \u0097 An Asian Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Benign by design<\/jats:bold>: Tin(II) doped anatase TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> nanoparticles, a potential candidate as environmentally benign yellow pigments, have been synthesized. The presence of Sn<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in anatase structure has been confirmed by various analytical techniques including optical and <jats:sup>119<\/jats:sup>Sn M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy.<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/gif\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mcontent.gif\"><jats:alt-text>magnified image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><jats:p>During our exploration of compounds in the Sn<jats:sup>II<\/jats:sup>\u2010Ti<jats:sup>IV<\/jats:sup>\u2010O system, we discovered that hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide solution in the presence of Sn<jats:sup>II<\/jats:sup> salts resulted in stable deep\u2010yellow colored anatase nanoparticles. The samples were characterized by X\u2010ray powder diffraction, electron microprobe, thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and <jats:sup>119<\/jats:sup>Sn M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. M\u00f6ssbauer data of the yellow colored samples showed the presence of both Sn<jats:sup>II<\/jats:sup> and Sn<jats:sup>IV<\/jats:sup> in a distorted environment as expected in the anatase structure. It is suggested that the cationic charge imbalance is compensated by oxygen vacancies and\/or hydroxyl groups as evidenced by M\u00f6ssbauer data which show two types of Sn<jats:sup>II<\/jats:sup> environments. When heated in air to 300\u2009\u00b0C the samples changed color to completely white and <jats:sup>119<\/jats:sup>Sn M\u00f6ssbauer data of these samples showed only the presence of Sn<jats:sup>IV<\/jats:sup>. These observations indicate that the origin of the yellow color in our Sn doped anatase nanoparticles arises from filled Sn 5s states just above the O 2p band, thus decreasing the band gap. The Sn<jats:sup>II<\/jats:sup> doped anatase TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> nanoparticles reported here can potentially lead to environmentally benign yellow pigments. The simplistic nature of the synthetic procedure could easily be adapted to large\u2010scale industrial manufacture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.200900028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,23]],"date-time":"2009-03-23T08:49:05Z","timestamp":1237798145000},"page":"881-885","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Tin(II) Doped Anatase (TiO<sub>2<\/sub>) Nanoparticles: A Potential Route to \u201cGreener\u201d Yellow Pigments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Moumita","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Pralong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Wattiaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.\u2005W.","family":"Sleight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.\u2005A.","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_2","first-page":"27","author":"Diebold M. 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