{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:59:53Z","timestamp":1789088393923,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aces.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry \u0097 An Asian Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in human physiology, and its controlled delivery from small\u2010molecule prodrugs remains a major challenge. 4\u2010Nitronaphthalimides (4\u2010NNs) have recently been identified as glutathione (GSH)\u2010mediated nitrite (NO2\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) donor prodrugs, with accelerated release observed in cellular compared to cell\u2010free environments. We hypothesized that confined reaction spaces play a crucial role in this reactivity. Here we show that micelles, as cellular confinement mimics, markedly influence the thiol\u2010mediated nitrite release from 4\u2010NNs. Systematic studies under micellar and non\u2010micellar conditions, with varied surfactants, thiols, and pH, reveal that confined microenvironments and the nature of micellar assemblies critically control reaction rates. Confocal fluorescence and lifetime imaging visualized micelle localization and reactivity differences, while DOSY\u2010NMR, DLS, and zeta potential measurements established that 4\u2010NNs reside in the palisade layer of cationic micelles, rendering them accessible to thiol nucleophiles. Moreover, 4\u2010NN analogues with cationic\u2010surfactant\u2010like structures exhibited further enhanced nitrite release, underscoring the catalytic role of micellar confinement. These findings highlight confined environments as powerful modulators of NO\u2010prodrug activation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.70560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T17:36:55Z","timestamp":1768412215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Confined Micellar Environments Modulate Thiol Reactivity and Nitrite Release From 4\u2010Nitronaphthalimide Nitric Oxide Prodrugs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shubham","family":"Sahu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5389-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Govindasamy","family":"Mugesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.8.3203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/288373a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.24.9265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.16.5.477"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.11.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704569"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr000040l"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar100155t"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00486"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c01038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/59.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","article-title":"Glutathione\u2010Triggered Nitrite Release From Organic Nitrites Enhances Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Mammalian Cell","volume":"32","author":"Sahu S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemistry\u2013A European Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704569"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz0404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110230"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/908476"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c01574"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3RA47370H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00343a029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c01219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3230039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac6936"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562\u2010019\u201003045\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c03711"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202416132"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2007.02.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00815a033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0687-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00730a033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c39740000879"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201009751\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"545","volume-title":"Catalysis in Micellar and Macromolecular Systems","author":"Fendler J. 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