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Our findings revealed the pivotal role of the ligand structure in tuning the catalytic activity, where the catalyst\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010C3\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    [{(\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010cymene)RuCl}\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    :\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010benztetraimd)]\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    outperformed others. Consequently, a high formate yield (2.73\u00a0mmol) with a turnover number (TON) of 1092 (1524 in 24\u00a0h) and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 137\u00a0h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    was achieved over the catalyst\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010C3\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    at 40\u00a0bar\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (1:3) at 80\u00b0C. Advantageously, the catalyst\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010C3\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    also efficiently hydrogenated potassium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate to formate. We further utilized the optimized process for demonstrating the conversion of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    captured (via direct air capture) to formate through an integrated carbon capture and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    hydrogenation process. Moreover, the catalyst\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010C3\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    exhibited appreciable recyclability over multiple catalytic cycles for the reversible CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/(bi)carbonate hydrogenation and formate dehydrogenation process. The key reaction intermediates, such as hydride species formed by treating the complex\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010C3\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    with H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    gas, revealed the role of such intermediates in achieving high catalytic activity for CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    hydrogenation over the diruthenium catalysts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.70908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T10:43:58Z","timestamp":1785062638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diruthenium Catalyst for CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    and (Bi)carbonate Hydrogenation to Formate in Aqueous media"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6668-9757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayashree","family":"Parthiban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis Group Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore  Indore Madhya Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8367-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanindra","family":"Kalita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis Group Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore  Indore Madhya Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8070-7350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis Group Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore  Indore Madhya Pradesh 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