{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:20:50Z","timestamp":1793830850559,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]],"date-time":"2013-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>) is a heritable disorder occurring predominantly in males. The aim of this study was to compare sex differences in the prevalence of specific neurological phenotypes commonly described in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>. The study included 663 participants, aged 18 months to 15 years, diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>. Neurological and behavioral assessments were performed using standardized tests, and obtaining medical, developmental, and familial histories from the parents. Phenotypes under investigation were macro\u2010 and microcephaly, developmental regression, minor neurological and musculoskeletal deficits (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MNMD<\/jats:styled-content>), and seizures. Male\u2009:\u2009female ratio in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> group was 6.7:1. No sex differences in autism severity, cognitive ability, and adaptive functioning were noted. Mean head circumference percentile for males (50.1\u2009\u00b1\u200925.6) was significantly larger than females (43.4\u2009\u00b1\u200930.2). Micro\u2010 and macrocephaly were more frequent in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> than expected (5.9%; 18.1%, respectively). Microcephaly in females (15.1%) was significantly more prevalent than in males (4.5%). The prevalence of macrocephaly in both sexes did not differ significantly. Regression was noted in 30.2% of the females with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>, significantly higher than in males (18.9%). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MNMD<\/jats:styled-content> was documented in 73.8% of the females, significantly higher than in males (57.1%). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M:F<\/jats:styled-content> ratio decreased in a group with two or more phenotypes (3.6:1), while male predominance was more significant in the group without phenotypes (13.6:1). Neurological phenotypes associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> are more prevalent in females than in males, resulting in more complex clinical and neurological manifestations in females. Therefore, involvement of different etiologies is suggested in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> in females. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Autism Res<\/jats:bold> 2013, 6: 596\u2013604.<\/jats:italic> \u00a9 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]],"date-time":"2013-07-19T16:04:43Z","timestamp":1374249883000},"page":"596-604","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Specific Neurological Phenotypes in Autism Spectrum Disorders Are Associated with Sex Representation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Esther","family":"Ben\u2010Itzchak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Disorders Ariel University Center of Samaria  Ariel Israel"},{"name":"The Autism Center, Department of Pediatrics Assaf Harofeh Medical Center  Zerifin 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