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Yet, recent findings suggest that non\u2010neuronal cell types also contribute to ASD pathology. To investigate the role of glial cells in ASD, a combination of protein and gene expression analyses were used to determine levels of two glial markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), in the postmortem brain tissue from control and ASD donors. Levels of GFAP immunoreactivity (ir) were significantly elevated (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008) in anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 24; BA24) white matter of ASD donors compared to control donors. In contrast, GFAP\u2010ir levels were similar in BA24 gray matter from ASD and control donors. MOG\u2010ir was also similar in both BA24 white and gray matter from ASD and control donors. In anterior prefrontal cortex (BA10), there were no significant differences in GFAP\u2010ir or MOG\u2010ir in either white or gray matter comparing ASD to control donors. Levels of expression of the genes <jats:italic>GFAP<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>MOG<\/jats:italic> also showed no differences between control and ASD donors in BA24 and BA10 white and gray matter. Collectively, these data imply that ASD is associated with an activation of white matter astrocytes in the anterior cingulate cortex as a result of a yet undefined cellular insult. Research is needed to investigate the molecular pathways that underlie this astrocyte reaction and such research may yield important clues regarding the etiology of ASD. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Autism Res<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold> <jats:italic>2015, 8: 649\u2013657<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T03:54:00Z","timestamp":1428378840000},"page":"649-657","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Elevated GFAP Protein in Anterior Cingulate Cortical White Matter in Males With Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jessica D.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences James H. 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