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The BTBR inbred mouse strain is a commonly used model of ASD as it demonstrates robust behavioral deficits consistent with the diagnostic criteria for ASD. BTBR mice also exhibit decreased brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis. In the current study, we evaluated the behavioral and molecular effects of intracerebroventricular\u00a0MSC transplantation in BTBR mice. Transplantation of MSC resulted in a reduction of stereotypical behaviors, a decrease in cognitive rigidity and an improvement in social behavior. Tissue analysis revealed elevated BDNF protein levels in the hippocampus accompanied by increased hippocampal neurogenesis in the MSC\u2010transplanted mice compared with sham treated mice. This might indicate a possible mechanism underpinning the behavioral improvement. Our study suggests a novel therapeutic approach which may be translatable to ASD patients in the future. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Autism Res<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold> <jats:italic>2015<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]],"date-time":"2015-08-10T09:06:13Z","timestamp":1439197573000},"page":"17-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Promotes Neurogenesis and Ameliorates Autism Related Behaviors in BTBR Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hadar","family":"Segal\u2010Gavish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University Tel\u2010 Aviv 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