{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:02:51Z","timestamp":1792782171450,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]],"date-time":"2016-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health to Clara M. Lajonchere (PI)","award":["1U24MH081810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U24MH081810"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Community\u2010based studies have consistently shown a sex ratio heavily skewed towards males in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The factors underlying this predominance of males are largely unknown, but the way girls score on standardized categorical diagnostic tools might account for the underrecognition of ASD in girls. Despite the existence of different norms for boys and girls with ASD on several major screening tests, the algorithm of the Autism Diagnosis Interview\u2010Revised (ADI\u2010R) has not been reformulated. The aim of our study was to investigate which ADI\u2010R items discriminate between males and females, and to evaluate their weighting in the final diagnosis of autism. We then conducted discriminant analysis (DA) on a sample of 594 probands including 129 females with ASD, recruited by the Paris Autism Research International Sibpair (PARIS) Study. A replication analysis was run on an independent sample of 1716 probands including 338 females with ASD, recruited through the Autism Genetics Resource Exchange (AGRE) program. Entering the raw scores for all ADI\u2010R items as independent variables, the DA correctly classified 78.9% of males and 72.9% of females (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in the PARIS cohort, and 72.2% of males and 68.3% of females (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) in the AGRE cohort. Among the items extracted by the stepwise DA, four belonged to the ADI\u2010R algorithm used for the final diagnosis of ASD. In conclusion, several items of the ADI\u2010R that are taken into account in the diagnosis of autism significantly differentiates between males and females. The potential gender bias thus induced may participate in the underestimation of the prevalence of ASD in females.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Autism Res<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>2016<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,. \u00a9 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Autism Res<\/jats:bold>\n                      2017, 10: 680\u2013689\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . \u00a9 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]],"date-time":"2016-11-03T11:19:01Z","timestamp":1478171941000},"page":"680-689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["Gender differences in autism spectrum disorders: Divergence among specific core symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anita","family":"Beggiato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, APHP Paris France"},{"name":"Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Institut Pasteur Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Peyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, APHP Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Maruani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, APHP Paris France"},{"name":"Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Institut Pasteur Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Scheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, APHP Paris France"},{"name":"Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Institut Pasteur Paris France"},{"name":"Fondation FondaMental, French National Science Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Rastam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederique","family":"Amsellem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, APHP Paris France"},{"name":"Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Institut Pasteur Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina I.","family":"Gillberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillberg neuropsychiatry Centre Gothenburg University G\u00f6teborg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Leboyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation FondaMental, French National Science Foundation"},{"name":"INSERM U955 Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry H Mondor &amp; A Chenevier Hospitals, APHP Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bourgeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Institut Pasteur Paris France"},{"name":"University Denis Diderot Paris 7 Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Gillberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillberg neuropsychiatry Centre Gothenburg University G\u00f6teborg Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Child Health, University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Delorme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, APHP Paris France"},{"name":"Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Institut Pasteur Paris France"},{"name":"Fondation FondaMental, French National Science Foundation"},{"name":"University Denis Diderot Paris 7 Paris 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