{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:21:13Z","timestamp":1790076073852,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,17]],"date-time":"2017-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Atypical facial characteristics have been observed in many disorders associated with developmental disability. While autism spectrum conditions (ASC) have not previously been thought to be associated with a distinct facial phenotype, an emerging research literature is casting doubt on this assumption. The identification of differences in the facial phenotype of individuals with ASC may contribute to efforts to promote early identification of the condition and help elucidate etiological pathways. With the aim of identifying facial phenotypes associated with ASC, this commentary evaluated facial features purported to distinguish ASC from typical development. Although there is little consensus across the reviewed studies for the majority of facial characteristics described, preliminary evidence suggests increased facial asymmetry may be more common in ASC. There is also evidence to suggest that there are morphologically distinct subgroups within ASC that correspond with different cognitive and behavioral symptomatology. However, in light of the various inconsistencies in the reported literature, and based on an accumulating understanding of etiological pathways proposed to be associated with ASC, we propose an alternative paradigm for investigating facial phenotypes in ASC. A series of studies are outlined to demonstrate the promise of a research program that has taken a hypothesis\u2010driven approach to examine facial phenotypes associated with increased exposure to prenatal testosterone and to ASC.<jats:bold><jats:italic>Autism Res<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold><jats:italic>2017, 10: 1910\u20131918<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>This commentary reviewed studies that found differences in the facial features of individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) compared to typically developing individuals. While there is little agreement between studies, there is some support for asymmetrical facial features associated with ASC, and preliminary evidence that particular facial features relate to specific patterns of cognitive and behavioral symptoms. However, in light of inconsistencies between studies and based on accumulating understanding of etiological pathways, we propose an alternative approach to investigating facial differences in ASC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,17]],"date-time":"2017-08-17T08:29:48Z","timestamp":1502958588000},"page":"1910-1918","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Investigating facial phenotype in autism spectrum conditions: The importance of a hypothesis driven approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0545-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Boutrus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia West Perth Australia"},{"name":"Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC) Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Western Australia Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray T.","family":"Maybery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Western Australia Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3351-5919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gail A.","family":"Alvares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia West Perth Australia"},{"name":"Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC) Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6394-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Weiting","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia West Perth Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Western Australia Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-7910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kandice J.","family":"Varcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia West Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J. O.","family":"Whitehouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia West Perth Australia"},{"name":"Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC) Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-2-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaral D.G. Li D. Libero L. Solomon M. Van deWater J. Mastergeorge A. \u2026 Wu Nordahl C.(2017). In pursuit of neurophenotypes: The consequences of having autism and a big brain. Autism Research 10 711\u2013722.","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1755"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361310397620"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"369","article-title":"Elevated fetal steroidogenic activity in autism","volume":"20","author":"Baron\u2010Cohen S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/RD13387"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boehnen C. &Flynn P.(2005) Accuracy of 3D scanning technologies in a face scanning scenario. 3\u2010D Digital Imaging and Modeling 2005. 3DIM 2005. Fifth International Conference on pp. 310\u2013317.Ottawa Ontario Canada: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DIM.2005.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2003.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020246"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00151-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201798"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Anthropometry of the head and face","author":"Farkas L.G.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200107000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008508"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00044-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"614","article-title":"Face\u2013brain asymmetry in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"13","author":"Hammond P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0103-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1629"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.169.2.228"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409000364"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2006.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/743482"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2015.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.10698"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80272-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00683"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2290-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1986.tb00771.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1554-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1018-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"300","article-title":"Minor physical anomalies in autism: A meta\u2010analysis","volume":"15","author":"Ozgen H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.scs.0000244920.07383.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199705)55:5<319::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1445"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0580011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","unstructured":"Tan D.W. Gilani S.Z. Maybery M.T. Mian A. Hunt A. Walters M. &Whitehouse A.J.O.(in press). Facial structure in boys with autism spectrum disorder and its relationship to symptomatology. Scientific Reports."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","unstructured":"Tan D.W. Gilani S.Z. Maybery M.T. Mian A. Hunt A. Walters M. &Whitehouse A.J.O.(2016). Facial structure in boys with autism spectrum disorder and its relationship to symptomatology. Manuscript under review."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2007.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1126953"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537727"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1351"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1019-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02523.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.2707"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.1.49"}],"container-title":["Autism Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Faur.1824","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aur.1824","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T23:12:23Z","timestamp":1750806743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aur.1824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,17]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aur.1824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1824","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-3792","1939-3806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3806","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,17]]}}}