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We examined the joint effects of gestational FA and air pollution exposures in association with ASD. We studied 346 ASD cases and 260 typically developing controls from the CHARGE case\u2010control study. Self\u2010reported FA intake for each month of pregnancy was quantified. Estimates of exposure to near roadway air pollution (NRP) and criteria air pollutant measures were assigned based on maternal residential history. Among mothers with high FA intake (&gt;800 \u03bcg) in the first pregnancy month, exposure to increasing levels of all air pollutants, except ozone, during the first trimester was associated with decreased ASD risk, while increased ASD risk was observed for the same pollutant among mothers with low FA intake (\u2264800 \u03bcg). This difference was statistically significant for NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (e.g., NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and low FA intake: OR\u2009=\u20091.53 (0.91, 2.56) vs NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and high FA intake: OR\u2009=\u20090.74 (0.46, 1.19), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010interaction\u2009=\u20090.04). Mothers exposed to higher levels (\u2265 median) of any air pollutant during the first trimester of pregnancy and who reported low FA intake were at a higher ASD risk compared to mothers exposed to lower levels of that air pollutant and who reported high first month FA intake. Joint effects showed significant (alpha\u2009&lt;\u20090.10) departures from expected interaction for NRP and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Our results suggest that periconceptional FA intake may reduce ASD risk in those with high prenatal air pollution exposure. Further study is needed to replicate these findings in larger sample sizes and to understand mechanisms of this potential relationship.. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Autism Res<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold> <jats:italic>2018, 11: 69\u201380<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined interactions between periconceptional folic acid (FA) and air pollution exposure on risk of ASD. Mothers exposed to higher levels of air pollution during the first trimester of pregnancy and who reported low supplemental FA intake during the first pregnancy month were at a higher ASD risk compared to mothers exposed to lower levels of air pollution and who reported high first month FA intake. Our results suggest that periconceptional FA intake may reduce ASD risk in those with high prenatal air pollution exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]],"date-time":"2017-11-09T14:46:39Z","timestamp":1510238799000},"page":"69-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Joint effects of prenatal air pollutant exposure and maternal folic acid supplementation on risk of autism spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Goodrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5415-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather E.","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Tancredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California Davis Sacramento CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"McConnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred W.","family":"Lurmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonoma Technology, Inc Petaluma CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin L.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California Davis Sacramento CA"},{"name":"MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis Davis CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis Davis CA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences University of California Davis Davis CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Alcorn S.H. &Lurmann F.W.(2003).Southern California Children's Health Study exposure database.Petaluma CA:Sonoma Technology Inc Technology Report STI\u2010 95230\u20102453\u2010FR3."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-005-7835-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200807-1097OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700028099"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205827"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0957-1272(92)90013-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2114-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Use of folic acid for prevention of spina bifida and other neural tube defects\u20131983\u20131991","volume":"40","author":"Centers for Disease Control (CDC)","year":"1991","journal-title":"MMWR. 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